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Traditions: Social
... The old sociology creates a contrast between traditional society and modern society (Tiryakian, 2001). The contemporary sociologists say that in every society there are traditions (Langlois, 2001). They are transmitted from past to present but it is the present that makes them live (Lenclud, 1987). ...
... Tradition can be an object, or a cultural construction (Shils, 2006). Tradition can legitimize the existence of order, status, institutions or authority (Langlois, 2001); (Shils, 2006). The tradition is based on real or fictitious history in order to tie individuals together to the same sense of belonging (Vail, 2014). ...
Food companies often meet problems when they innovate on traditional products. The apprehension onconsumer‘s perception ofa food product‘s traditional character remains unclear despite the research conducted in marketing. The barriers to innovation for this type of product could be identified through the definition of traditionality perceived by the consumer. The purpose of this research is to define the concept of perceived traditionality one hand and, secondly, to distinguish the traditionality from other concepts such as typicality, authenticity or local produce. From a literature review conducted by systematic research on different databases, we propose a concept of traditionality. This concept of traditionality combines the ritual and the object
... A traditional society denotes a society characterized by an orientation to the past, not the future, with a predominant role for custom and habit(Langlois, 2001). ...
In her thesis Dignity and indignity experienced by immigrant women on long-term sick leave, Line Nortvedt has studied immigrant women with chronic pain during a rehabilitation period. The main aim of the study was to explore how the immigrant women experience their daily life at home and at the workplace when they are on long-term sick leave. The study is based on participant observations during two rehabilitation courses at an outpatient clinic, and qualitative interviews with the women after the courses.
The results demonstrate that the women experience their daily life as lonely and humiliating when being excluded by colleagues, managers or even by family members. The rejection at home and at the workplace reinforces the women's experience of shame and avoidance of telling anybody about their illness, thus contributing to more days on sick leave.
The chronic pain is experienced as threatening, incomprehensible and unreal, without meaning or ability to be controlled.
Despite the experiences of suffering and humiliation, the participants experience to maintain dignity through love and friendship, by getting connected with their "historical selves", by supporting relatives and being strong. Moreover, they are respected, believed and understood by other patients and healthcare professionals. Additionally, religious faith and hope for the future gave an experience of meaning, peace and dignity.
The study concludes that immigrant women may experience poor health because of strains from migration, meaningless pain and humiliation, by being made to feel invisible, not understood, degraded, stigmatized and marginalized. On the other hand, they were able to adapt, learn and endure. Moreover, they find strength in personal relations in their families and with God, and demonstrate a solid integrity, inner strength, proudness, self-respect and acceptance. Hope and dignity serves as a healing force for the immigrant women.
... The benefits of one society would be passed on to another, which in turn would improve the old properties and unearth new ones, continuing until the present day. Traditional societies are often referred to as those with a tendency to focus on the past rather than the future through the preservation of certain indigenous customs and, often, ancient cultural practices [16]. They are small-scale societies (a few dozen to a few hundred people) which have weak political leadership, with membership based principally on relationships and roles influenced primarily by age, gender, and status. ...
... Post-industrial societies fare better than industrial societies, especially in terms of the economy and people's wellbeing. Their main sources of income are mostly from service sectors and innovation, which focus more towards development of new technologies that are developed by white collar professionals and intellectuals rather than industrial assembly line blue collar workers (Langlois 2001). There are also relatively less issues of deficiencies in clean water, healthcare, education and even absolute poverty compared with industrial societies. ...
Purpose
This study conceptualizes a form of luxury consumption in which luxury brands collaborate with unconventional non-luxury partners. These unconventional luxury brand collaborations are growing in popularity among Chinese luxury consumers of the post-1990s generation. Luxury brands are exploring new branding strategies due to the growing commercial importance of Chinese luxury consumers.
Design/methodology/approach
An in-depth qualitative study informs this paper. Interviews with young adult luxury consumers self-identifying as Chinese reveal a growing interest for luxury brands that collaborate with odd partners in social media and online culture.
Findings
Unconventional collaborations between luxury brands and non-luxury partners catalyze shifting meanings of luxury through the following juxtapositions: ephemeral instead of timeless , trendy rather than inaccessible , and playful in contrast with traditional . First, young Chinese consumers construct luxury meanings through ephemerality, like digital possessions, social media fame and fleeting experiences. Second, luxury meanings emerge in trendiness among social media influencers and online culture rather than in the seemingly inaccessible taste regimes of the upper class. Third, younger consumers appreciate fun, rebellious and over-the-top aesthetics in luxury brands.
Originality/value
The study contributes to the nascent field of unconventional luxury by conceptualizing how unusual, odd and unexpected collaborations constitute new forms of luxury consumption. The shifting meanings of luxury consumption that this study conceptualizes raise new opportunities and challenges for luxury brands. One of such is the release of limited collections with non-luxury partners seemingly at the opposite spectrum of design, image and values. Moreover, the study adds nuance to the understanding of luxury consumption among young Chinese consumers.
'Bergendang' is a uniquely Sarawak Malay traditional entertainment frequently held during social gatherings at home. This paper investigates the spatial use of bergendang activity in traditional Malay houses along the Sarawak River in Kuching. The research employed a qualitative case study design through field study observation and semi-structured interviews. Findings revealed different spatial uses of bergendang for the early and later models of Sarawak Malay houses, which are associated with house owners’ social status. Spatial studies on traditional Malay houses in other parts of Sarawak are highly recommended in constructing a vernacular Malay house framework for the northern Borneo region.
Law's Ethical, Global and Theoretical Contexts examines William Twining's principal contributions to law and jurisprudence in the context of three issues which will receive significant scholarly attention over the coming decades. Part I explores human rights, including torture, the role of evidence in human rights cases, the emerging discourse on 'traditional values', the relevance of 'Southern voices' to human rights debates, and the relationship between human rights and peace agreements. Part II assesses the impact of globalization through the lenses of sociology and comparative constitutionalism, and features an analysis of the development of pluralistic ideas of law in the context of privatization. Finally, Part III addresses issues of legal theory, including whether global legal pluralism needs a concept of law, the importance of context in legal interpretation, the effect of increasing digitalization on legal theory, and the utility of feminist and postmodern approaches to globalization and legal theory.
Many factors affect the caregiver burden. However, there is no clear information about whether older patients' self-efficacy levels affect the caregiver burden. This study was carried out to determine the relationship between the self-efficacy of older patients and the caregiver burden in Turkey. This cross-sectional and correlational study was conducted at a university hospital with a sample of patients and their family caregivers. The population of the study consisted of 163 older patients and their caregivers. Data were collected using the demographic data form, Self-Efficacy Scale, and Burden Interview. The self-efficacy of older patients was found to be the strongest predictor of the caregiver burden. Other significant predictors of the caregiver burden were the caregiver's degree of kinship with the patient, marital status of the caregiver, and the patient's duration of illness. This study determined that the predictor variables explained 28% of the total variance. The addition of applications that increase patient self-efficacy to the scope of the programs aimed at reducing the caregiver burden will increase the effectiveness of the programs.
Constructing knowledge with others is fundamental for all human activity, and many disciplines have sought to understand how the individual, other people, and the context, all influence collaborative knowledge construction, be it individual or group knowledge. The goal of this Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches is to present an analytical model of the relations of the individual to the group in situations of collaborative knowledge construction. The model is inspired by the work of Levinson (2005) who proposes variables that mediate between kinds of systems (e.g. linguistic, interactional, social) that are interlocked in various ways. After describing my personal trajectory and acknowledging those who have been influential in this work, I review the literature with five goals in mind.
First, I examine the interests and dangers of integrating work across disciplinary boundaries and I make a case in favor of interdisciplinarity. Second, I perform a cross disciplinary analysis of the individual versus the group in learning contexts. Here, I select studies that represent the four major paradigms used to study learning: behaviorist, cognitivist, sociocognitivist, and sociocultural and I analyze how those paradigms shape the assumptions researchers make about their object of study. I also illustrate the tensions that exist regarding how different approaches conceptualize the place of the individual in relation to the group, on what timescale and whether these tensions are fruitful or on the contrary, contribute to hindering scientific progress. Third, I introduce the notion of methodological determinism and argue against it, showing that theoretical assumptions are not embedded in methods and that researchers have agency in choosing those they wish to adhere to, thus avoiding possible incoherence when combining research methods from different fields. Fourth, I review how different research fields attribute explanatory value and I examine three ways to bridge across levels of analysis that relate the individual to the group. In the analytical model I propose, I opt for both bridging by explaining different aspects of a phenomenon and bridging through intermediate variables. Fifth, I compare methods of investigation for connecting levels of analysis through a discussion of causality and generalization that has implications for interdisciplinary work.
These five goals give the background needed to perform the analysis of a selection of my own interdisciplinary collaborative work that give rise to my analytical model, called “Multi-grain” knowledge building where “Multi-grain” stands for a MULTi-theoretical and Interdisciplinary model of the GRoup And Individual. The collaborative work I chose to analyze was carried out within educational sciences and language sciences, and more specifically in physics didactics, educational psychology, pedagogical debate, argumentation, interactional linguistics, and psycholinguistics.
Multi-grain knowledge building allows researchers to connect cognitive, linguistic, interactional, and social systems through the use of intermediate variables that are composed of facets of human interaction. Mutually influential facets allow us to view complex behavior as a system of interrelated systems (Levinson, 2005). Multi-grain knowledge building gives a framework that allows systems within different disciplines to “speak” to each other and defines the space in which explanatory models can be proposed about the different forms of knowledge co-construction. In each of the models issued from my collborative work that served to develop the Multi-grain knowledge building model, the intermediate variable is one whose nature changes over time in a way that is comparable to conceptual change : 1) the semiotic bundle can illustrate conceptual change in physics for both individuals and groups, 2) the procedural explanation can illustrate changing competence (both cognitive and interactional-pragmatic) as children’s language develops, 3) overall emotional framing of a debate can illustrate the group’s argumentative complexity and degree of dialogism, as it is constructed over time while also illustrating individual competencies concerning emotional positioning of argumentative claim and 4) level of collaboration can illustrate the trajectory of a participant as she becomes a more active member of a community of practice.
Multi-grain knowledge building makes evident that some of the knowledge we co-construct in human interaction is a focus of explicit teaching while other knowledge is (more or less) naturally acquired as a function of the contexts in which we find ourselves. Learning physics is definitely a target of explicit teaching, but the pragmatic competencies involved in managing interaction while giving finalized procedural explanations has never been a teacher’s preoccupation. Nor has any teacher written pedagogical tasks that help students to construct the emotional positioning of an argumentative claim. And achieving a level of collaborative relationship in a community of practice has never been the focus of training. The distinction between competencies that are taught and those that are naturally acquired raises questions about how societies select knowledge to be taught in a formal manner.
Perspectives for future work include understanding more deeply the multidirectional causality between the different facets of interaction within my current collaborative work. Second, I will also use my work in scientometrics to increase the scope of the Multi-grain model of knowledge construction and to pinpoint new areas where Multi-grain knowledge building can help in decompartmentalizing the research in education, opening it up to other disciplinary perspectives.
Human beings have used fire as an ecosystem management tool for thousands of years. In the context of the scientific and policy debate surrounding potential climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies, the importance of the impact of relatively recent state fire-exclusion policies on fire regimes has been debated. To provide empirical evidence to this ongoing debate we examine the impacts of state fire-exclusion policies in the chestnut forest ecosystems of two geographically neighbouring municipalities in central Spain, Casillas and Rozas de Puerto Real. Extending the concept of ‘Traditional Ecological Knowledge’ to include the use of fire as a management tool as ‘Traditional Fire Knowledge’ (TFK), we take a mixed-methods and interdisciplinary approach to argue that currently observed differences between the municipalities are useful for considering the characteristics of “pre-industrial anthropogenic fire regimes” and their impact on chestnut forest ecosystems. We do this by examining how responses from interviews and questionnaire surveys of local inhabitants about TFK in the past and present correspond to the current biophysical landscape state and recent fire activity (based on data from dendrochronological analysis, aerial photography and official fire statistics). We then discuss the broader implications of TFK decline for future fire management policies across Europe particularly in light of the published results of the EU sponsored Fire Paradox research project. In locations where TFK-based “pre-industrial anthropogenic fire regimes” still exist, ecosystem management strategies for adaptation and mitigation to climate change could be conceivably implemented at a minimal economic and political cost to the state by local communities that have both the TFK and the adequate social, economic and cultural incentives to use it.
Modernization theorists from Karl Marx to Daniel Bell have argued that economic development brings pervasive cultural changes. But others, from Max Weber to Samuel Huntington, have claimed that cultural values are an enduring and autonomous influence on society. We test the thesis that economic development is linked with systematic changes in basic values. Using data from the three waves of the World Values Surveys, which include 65 societies and 75 percent of the world's population, we find evidence of both massive cultural change and the persistence of distinctive cultural traditions. Economic development is associated with shifts away from absolute norms and values toward values that are increasingly rational, tolerant, trusting, and participatory. Cultural change, however, is path dependent. The broad cultural heritage of a society-Protestant, Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Confucian, or Communist-leaves an imprint on values that endures despite modernization. Moreover, the differences between the values held by members of different religions within given societies are much smaller than are cross-national differences. Once established, such cross-cultural differences become part of a national culture transmitted by educational institutions and mass media. We conclude with some proposed revisions of modernization theory.
Nothing appears more ancient, and linked to an immemorial past, than the pageantry which surrounds British monarchy in its public ceremonial manifestations. Yet, as a chapter in this book establishes, in its modern form it is the product of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. ‘Traditions’ which appear or claim to be old are often quite recent in origin and sometimes invented. Anyone familiar with the colleges of ancient British universities will be able to think of the institution of such ‘traditions’ on a local scale, though some - like the annual Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols in the chapel of King’s College, Cambridge on Christmas Eve - may become generalized through the modern mass medium of radio. This observation formed the starting-point of a conference organized by the historical journal Past & Present, which in turn forms the basis of the present book. The term ‘invented tradition’ is used in a broad, but not imprecise sense. It includes both ‘ traditions’ actually invented, constructed and formally instituted and those emerging in a less easily traceable manner within a brief and dateable period - a matter of a few years perhaps - and establishing themselves with great rapidity. The royal Christmas broadcast in Britain (instituted in 1932) is an example of the first; the appearance and development of the practices associated with the Cup Final in British Association Football, of the second. It is evident that not all of them are equally permanent, but it is their appearance and establishment rather than their chances of survival which are our primary concern. © E. J. Hobsbawm, Hugh Trevor-Roper, Prys Morgan, David Cannadine, Bernard S. Cohn, Terence Ranger. 1983.
