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121 Lanchester, Frederick William
[br]b. 28 October 1868 Lewisham, London, Englandd. 8 March 1946 Birmingham, England[br]English designer and builder of the first all-British motor car.[br]The fourth of eight children of an architect, he spent his childhood in Hove and attended a private preparatory school, from where, aged 14, he went to the Hartley Institution (the forerunner of Southampton University). He was then granted a scholarship to the Royal College of Science, South Kensington, and also studied practical engineering at Finsbury Technical College, London. He worked first for a draughtsman and pseudo-patent agent, and was then appointed Assistant Works Manager of the Forward Gas Engine Company of Birmingham, with sixty men and a salary of £1 per week. He was then aged 21. His younger brother, George, was apprenticed to the same company. In 1889 and 1890 he invented a pendulum governor and an engine starter which earned him royalties. He built a flat-bottomed river craft with a stern paddle-wheel and a vertical single-cylinder engine with a wick carburettor of his own design. From 1892 he performed a number of garden experiments on model gliders relating to problems of lift and drag, which led him to postulate vortices from the wingtips trailing behind, much of his work lying behind the theory of modern aerodynamics. The need to develop a light engine for aircraft led him to car design.In February 1896 his first experimental car took the road. It had a torsionally rigid chassis, a perfectly balanced and almost noiseless engine, dynamically stable steering, epicyclic gear for low speed and reverse with direct drive for high speed. It turned out to be underpowered and was therefore redesigned. Two years later an 8 hp, two-cylinder flat twin appeared which retained the principle of balancing by reverse rotation, had new Lanchester valve-gear and a new method of ignition based on a magneto generator. For the first time a worm and wheel replaced chain-drive or bevel-gear transmission. Lanchester also designed the machinery to make it. The car was capable of about 18 mph (29 km/h): future cars of his travelled at twice that speed. From 1899 to 1904 cars were produced for sale by the Lanchester Engine Company, which was formed in 1898. The company had to make every component except the tyres. Lanchester gave up the managership but remained as Chief Designer, and he remained in this post until 1914.In 1907–8 his two-volume treatise Aerial Flight was published; it included consideration of skin friction, boundary-layer theory and the theory of stability. In 1909 he was appointed to the Government's Committee for Aeronautics and also became a consultant to the Daimler Company. At the age of 51 he married Dorothea Cooper. He remained a consultant to Daimler and worked also for Wolseley and Beardmore until 1929 when he started Lanchester Laboratories, working on sound reproduction. He also wrote books on relativity and on the theory of dimensions.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS.Bibliographybht=1907–8, Aerial Flight, 2 vols.Further ReadingP.W.Kingsford, 1966, F.W.Lanchester, Automobile Engineer.E.G.Semler (ed.), 1966, The Great Masters. Engineering Heritage, Vol. II, London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers/Heinemann.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Lanchester, Frederick William
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122 سيارة
سَيَّارَة \ automobile, a car, auto: a vehicle driven by a petrol engine; motorcar. motor: (old use). motorcar, a car. \ سَيَّارة أُجْرَة \ cab: a taxi. taxi: a car that may be hired with its driver for a short journey (for long journeys one uses a hired car, with or without its driver). \ سَيَّارة إطْفَاء الحَرِيق \ fire engine: a vehicle that is equipped for putting out dangerous fires, a vehicle carrying equipment to help deal with fires. \ سَيَّارة الجِيب \ jeep: a small strong car for rough work over rough roads. \ سَيَّارةٌ خاصّةٌ صُندوقُ الأمْتِعَة فيها خلف المقاعِد مباشرة (سيارة ستاشن) \ estate car, station wagon: a private car with doors at the back which can be opened to put bags, etc. behind the seats. \ سَيَّارة رُكَّابٍ كَبِيرَة \ bus: a large public road vehicle for carrying people, providing a regular service and stopping at fixed points. \ سَيَّارة رِيَاضيّة \ sports car: a fast low car for 2 people and having a roof that can be folded back. \ سَيَّارة شَحْن \ lorry, truck: a large motor vehicle for carrying heavy goods. \ سَيَّارة صَالُون \ saloon: sedan a closed car with a hard roof (not a sports or open car). -
123 חיפופי
חִיפּוּפֵיm. pl. ( חפף I; cmp. חִיפָּא) border-stones, pegs or stakes along the road, to prevent vehicles from trespassing on private property. (Rashi: from חפף II, pegs against which vehicles rub. Sabb.6a. -
124 חִיפּוּפֵי
חִיפּוּפֵיm. pl. ( חפף I; cmp. חִיפָּא) border-stones, pegs or stakes along the road, to prevent vehicles from trespassing on private property. (Rashi: from חפף II, pegs against which vehicles rub. Sabb.6a. -
125 יתד
יָתֵדf. (b. h.; cmp. עתד) (something fastened, driven in, peg, nail; handle of a tool Y.Taan.IV, 67d אשרי אדם … י׳ להיתלות בה (cmp. Is. 22:23, sq.) happy the man who has a peg to hang on, i. e. who has a renowned ancestry; ומה היתה יְתֵידָתוֹוכ׳ and what was R. E.s. peg?; Y.Ber.IV, 7d top. Gitt.17a י׳ היא שלא תמוט (my last opinion) is an immovable peg. Meg.6a והיא היתה י׳ תקועהוכ׳ and she (Cæsarea) was a peg driven into Israel, i. e. an obnoxious foreign element.י׳ של מחרישה the pin of the plough. Sabb.XVII, 4; a. e. v. מַחֲרֵישָׁה.י׳ האהל tent-pin, v. infra.י׳ הדרכים a way-mark of hardened clay pegs, v. גֵּץ; v. infra.Pl. יְתֵדוֹת, יְתֵידוֹת. Gen. R. s. 43 שלשה י׳ גדולות three great pegs (Abraham, Isaac and Jacob). Ib. s. 62 נתגרו בהן י׳ הארץ the pegs of the land (the remnants of the seven nations, cmp. Num. 33:55) arose against them. Kel. XIV, 3 י׳ אהלים י׳ המשוחות Mish. ed. (Bab. ed. ידות) the (metal) pegs of tents and those of the land measurers. Tosef. ib. B. Bath.I, 7 החרב שפרשה עם י׳ המחרישה the knife (coulter) which has been taken out with the handle of the plough. Mikv. IX, 2 י׳ הדרכים, expl. גץ יוני. Tosef. ib. VI (VII), 14. B. Kam.81a מסתלקין … מפני י׳ הד׳ you may (in walking) turn out from the highway towards the private sidewalk in order to avoid the road-pegs; Y.Ber.II, end, 5d top. -
126 יָתֵד
יָתֵדf. (b. h.; cmp. עתד) (something fastened, driven in, peg, nail; handle of a tool Y.Taan.IV, 67d אשרי אדם … י׳ להיתלות בה (cmp. Is. 22:23, sq.) happy the man who has a peg to hang on, i. e. who has a renowned ancestry; ומה היתה יְתֵידָתוֹוכ׳ and what was R. E.s. peg?; Y.Ber.IV, 7d top. Gitt.17a י׳ היא שלא תמוט (my last opinion) is an immovable peg. Meg.6a והיא היתה י׳ תקועהוכ׳ and she (Cæsarea) was a peg driven into Israel, i. e. an obnoxious foreign element.י׳ של מחרישה the pin of the plough. Sabb.XVII, 4; a. e. v. מַחֲרֵישָׁה.י׳ האהל tent-pin, v. infra.י׳ הדרכים a way-mark of hardened clay pegs, v. גֵּץ; v. infra.Pl. יְתֵדוֹת, יְתֵידוֹת. Gen. R. s. 43 שלשה י׳ גדולות three great pegs (Abraham, Isaac and Jacob). Ib. s. 62 נתגרו בהן י׳ הארץ the pegs of the land (the remnants of the seven nations, cmp. Num. 33:55) arose against them. Kel. XIV, 3 י׳ אהלים י׳ המשוחות Mish. ed. (Bab. ed. ידות) the (metal) pegs of tents and those of the land measurers. Tosef. ib. B. Bath.I, 7 החרב שפרשה עם י׳ המחרישה the knife (coulter) which has been taken out with the handle of the plough. Mikv. IX, 2 י׳ הדרכים, expl. גץ יוני. Tosef. ib. VI (VII), 14. B. Kam.81a מסתלקין … מפני י׳ הד׳ you may (in walking) turn out from the highway towards the private sidewalk in order to avoid the road-pegs; Y.Ber.II, end, 5d top.
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