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{{Infobox medical condition|name=Hand, foot, and mouth disease|synonym=Enteroviral vesicular stomatitis with exanthem|image={{Photomontage
{{Infobox medical condition
| name = Indwara y'impiswi
| synonym = Enteroviral vesicular stomatitis with exanthem
| image = {{Photomontage
|photo1a =Hand Foot Mouth Disease.png
|photo1a =Hand Foot Mouth Disease.png
|photo2a =Hand foot and mouth disease on child feet.jpg
|photo2a =Hand foot and mouth disease on child feet.jpg
Umurongo 6: Umurongo 9:
|color =#FFFFFF
|color =#FFFFFF
|border =1
|border =1
|color_border =}}|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=*{{align|left|Top: Spots around mouth}}<br>
|color_border =}}
| image_size =
| image_thumbtime =
| alt =
| caption = *{{align|left|Top: Spots around mouth}}<br>
*{{align|left|Bottom: Spots on feet}}
⚫
*{{align|left|Bottom: Spots on feet}}|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=[[Fever]], [[maculopapular rash|flat discolored spots or bumps]] that may blister<ref name=Zitelli2023/>|complications=[[Onychomadesis|Temporary loss of nails]], [[viral meningitis]]<ref name=CDC2015Comp/>|onset=2–6 days post exposure<ref name=Zitelli2023/>|duration=1 week<ref name=Zitelli2023/>|types=|causes=[[Coxsackievirus]] A16, [[Enterovirus 71]]<ref name=Repass2014/>|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms, viral culture<ref name=CDC2015Diag/>|differential=|prevention=[[Hand washing|Handwashing]]<ref name=CDC2015Cau/>|treatment=[[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]<ref name="Harrison's"/>|medication=[[Analgesic|Pain medication]] such as [[ibuprofen]]<ref name=CDC2015Tx/>|prognosis=|frequency=As outbreaks<ref name=Kam2013/>|deaths=|named after=}}'''impiswi''' ni indwara ikunze kwandura iterwa n'itsinda rya virusi.<ref name="Zitelli2023" /> Ubusanzwe bitangirana n'umuriro no kumva utameze neza muri rusange.<ref name="Zitelli2023">{{Cite book|last=Michaels|first=Marian `G.|last2=Williams|first2=John V.|editor-last=Zitelli|editor-first=Basil J.|editor-last2=McIntire|editor-first2=Sara C.|editor-last3=Nowalk|editor-first3=Andrew J.|editor-last4=Garrison|editor-first4=Jessica|title=Zitelli and Davis' Atlas of Pediatric Physical Diagnosis|date=2023|publisher=Elsevier|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-77788-9|page=459|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy1LEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA459|language=en|chapter=13. Infectious diseases|access-date=December 19, 2022|archive-date=December 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219161843/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy1LEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA459|url-status=live}}</ref> Ibi bikurikirwa n'umunsi umwe cyangwa ibiri nyuma y'aho habayeho utudomo cyangwa utubyimba dushobora kugaragara ku biganza, ku birenge no ku kanwa ndetse rimwe na rimwe n'amaguru, ku matako no mu nda.<ref name="Zitelli2023" /><ref name="Kam2013">{{Cite journal|last=Kaminska|first=K|last2=Martinetti|first2=G|last3=Lucchini|first3=R|last4=Kaya|first4=G|last5=Mainetti|first5=C|title=Coxsackievirus A6 and Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease: Three Case Reports of Familial Child-to-Immunocompetent Adult Transmission and a Literature Review|journal=Case Reports in Dermatology|volume=5|issue=2|pages=203–209|year=2013|pmid=24019771|doi=10.1159/000354533|pmc=3764954}}</ref><ref name="Lancet2010">{{Cite journal|last=Ooi|first=MH|last2=Wong|first2=SC|last3=Lewthwaite|first3=P|last4=Cardosa|first4=MJ|last5=Solomon|first5=T|title=Clinical features, diagnosis, and management of enterovirus 71|journal=Lancet Neurology|volume=9|issue=11|pages=1097–1105|year=2010|pmid=20965438|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70209-X}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bikunze kugaragara nyuma y'iminsi 2-6 umuntu yanduye iyi virusi.<ref name="Zitelli2023" /> Ubusanzwe ibibyimba bihita byisubiraho ubwabyo mu gihe cy'icyumweru kimwe.<ref name="Kumar2020">{{Cite book|last=Barlow|first=Gavin|last2=Irving|first2=William L.|last3=Moss|first3=Peter J.|editor-last=Feather|editor-first=Adam|editor-last2=Randall|editor-first2=David|editor-last3=Waterhouse|editor-first3=Mona|title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5|page=519|edition=10th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA517|language=en|chapter=20. Infectious disease|access-date=December 10, 2022|archive-date=October 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013164951/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA517|url-status=live}}</ref> Kubura inzara n'ibinono by'urutoki bishobora kubaho nyuma y'ibyumweru bike, ariko bizasubira gukura uko igihe kigenda gihita.<ref name="CDC2015Comp">{{Cite web|title=Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) Complications|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/complications.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511222120/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/complications.html|archive-date=May 11, 2016}}</ref>
| pronounce =
| field = [[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
| symptoms = [[Fever]], [[maculopapular rash|flat discolored spots or bumps]] that may blister<ref name=Zitelli2023/>
| complications = [[Onychomadesis|Temporary loss of nails]], [[viral meningitis]]<ref name=CDC2015Comp/>
| onset = 2–6 days post exposure<ref name=Zitelli2023/>
| duration = 1 week<ref name=Zitelli2023/>
| types =
| causes = [[Coxsackievirus]] A16, [[Enterovirus 71]]<ref name=Repass2014/>
| risks =
| diagnosis = Based on symptoms, viral culture<ref name=CDC2015Diag/>
| differential =
| prevention = [[Hand washing|Handwashing]]<ref name=CDC2015Cau/>
| treatment = [[Symptomatic treatment|Supportive care]]<ref name="Harrison's"/>
| medication = [[Analgesic|Pain medication]] such as [[ibuprofen]]<ref name=CDC2015Tx/>
| prognosis =
| frequency = As outbreaks<ref name=Kam2013/>
| deaths =
| named after =
}}

⚫
'''impiswi''' ni indwara ikunze kwandura iterwa n'itsinda rya virusi.<ref name="Zitelli2023" /> Ubusanzwe bitangirana n'umuriro no kumva utameze neza muri rusange.<ref name="Zitelli2023">{{Cite book|last=Michaels|first=Marian `G.|last2=Williams|first2=John V.|editor-last=Zitelli|editor-first=Basil J.|editor-last2=McIntire|editor-first2=Sara C.|editor-last3=Nowalk|editor-first3=Andrew J.|editor-last4=Garrison|editor-first4=Jessica|title=Zitelli and Davis' Atlas of Pediatric Physical Diagnosis|date=2023|publisher=Elsevier|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-77788-9|page=459|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy1LEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA459|language=en|chapter=13. Infectious diseases|access-date=December 19, 2022|archive-date=December 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219161843/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy1LEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA459|url-status=live}}</ref> Ibi bikurikirwa n'umunsi umwe cyangwa ibiri nyuma y'aho habayeho utudomo cyangwa utubyimba dushobora kugaragara ku biganza, ku birenge no ku kanwa ndetse rimwe na rimwe n'amaguru, ku matako no mu nda.<ref name="Zitelli2023" /><ref name="Kam2013">{{Cite journal|last=Kaminska|first=K|last2=Martinetti|first2=G|last3=Lucchini|first3=R|last4=Kaya|first4=G|last5=Mainetti|first5=C|title=Coxsackievirus A6 and Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease: Three Case Reports of Familial Child-to-Immunocompetent Adult Transmission and a Literature Review|journal=Case Reports in Dermatology|volume=5|issue=2|pages=203–209|year=2013|pmid=24019771|doi=10.1159/000354533|pmc=3764954}}</ref><ref name="Lancet2010">{{Cite journal|last=Ooi|first=MH|last2=Wong|first2=SC|last3=Lewthwaite|first3=P|last4=Cardosa|first4=MJ|last5=Solomon|first5=T|title=Clinical features, diagnosis, and management of enterovirus 71|journal=Lancet Neurology|volume=9|issue=11|pages=1097–1105|year=2010|pmid=20965438|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70209-X}}</ref> Ibimenyetso bikunze kugaragara nyuma y'iminsi 2-6 umuntu yanduye iyi virusi.<ref name="Zitelli2023" /> Ubusanzwe ibibyimba bihita byisubiraho ubwabyo mu gihe cy'icyumweru kimwe.<ref name="Kumar2020">{{Cite book|last=Barlow|first=Gavin|last2=Irving|first2=William L.|last3=Moss|first3=Peter J.|editor-last=Feather|editor-first=Adam|editor-last2=Randall|editor-first2=David|editor-last3=Waterhouse|editor-first3=Mona|title=Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine|date=2020|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7870-5|page=519|edition=10th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA517|language=en|chapter=20. Infectious disease|access-date=December 10, 2022|archive-date=October 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013164951/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl3sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA517|url-status=live}}</ref> Kubura inzara n'ibinono by'urutoki bishobora kubaho nyuma y'ibyumweru bike, ariko bizasubira gukura uko igihe kigenda gihita.<ref name="CDC2015Comp">{{Cite web|title=Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) Complications|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/complications.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511222120/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/complications.html|archive-date=May 11, 2016}}</ref>


Virusi zandura binyuze mu gukoranaho n'umuntu ku giti cye, binyuze mu mwuka uturuka mu gukorora no mu mwanda w'umuntu wanduye.<ref name="CDC2015Cau">{{Cite web|title=Causes & Transmission|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/transmission.html|website=CDC|access-date=15 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514150205/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/transmission.html|archive-date=May 14, 2016}}</ref> Ibintu byanduye nabyo bishobora gukwirakwiza indwara.<ref name="CDC2015Cau" /> Virusi ya Coxsackie A16 ni yo ikunze kugaragara cyane, naho virusi ya enterovirus 71 ikaba ari yo ikunze kugaragara cyane.<ref name="Morris2019">{{Cite book|last=Morris-Jones|first=Rachael|editor-last=Morris-Jones|editor-first=Rachael|title=ABC of Dermatology|date=2019|publisher=Wiley Blackwell|location=Hoboken|isbn=978-1-119-48899-6|page=120|edition=7th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lm2fDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=&hl=en|language=en|chapter=14. Viral infections|access-date=June 9, 2022|archive-date=May 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516161949/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lm2fDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Izindi ndwara za coxsackievirus na enterovirus na zo zishobora kuba ari zo zitera.<ref name="Repass2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Repass GL, Palmer WC, Stancampiano FF|title=Hand, foot, and mouth disease: Identifying and managing an acute viral syndrome|journal=Cleve Clin J Med|volume=81|issue=9|pages=537–43|date=September 2014|pmid=25183845|url=http://www.ccjm.org/content/81/9/537.long|doi=10.3949/ccjm.81a.13132|doi-access=free|access-date=September 24, 2014|archive-date=August 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828100821/https://www.ccjm.org/content/81/9/537.long|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="PLOS2012">{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=Y|last2=Zhu|first2=R|last3=Qian|first3=Y|last4=Deng|first4=J|title=The characteristics of blood glucose and WBC counts in peripheral blood of cases of hand foot and mouth disease in China: a systematic review|journal=PLOS One|volume=7|issue=1|pages=e29003|year=2012|pmid=22235257|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0029003|pmc=3250408|bibcode=2012PLoSO...729003L}}</ref> Hari abantu bashobora kwanduzanya virusi nubwo nta bimenyetso by'indwara bafite.<ref name="CDC2015Sym">{{Cite web|title=Hand Foot and Mouth Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/signs-symptoms.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516032600/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/signs-symptoms.html|archive-date=May 16, 2016}}</ref> Izindi nyamaswa ntizirimo.<ref name="CDC2015Cau" /> Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bishobora gukorwa hashingiwe ku bimenyetso.<ref name="CDC2015Diag" /> Rimwe na rimwe, ikizamini cyo mu muhogo cyangwa mu ntebe gishobora gupimwa virusi.<ref name="CDC2015Diag">{{Cite web|title=Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/diagnosis.html|website=CDC|access-date=15 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514142722/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/diagnosis.html|archive-date=May 14, 2016}}</ref>
Virusi zandura binyuze mu gukoranaho n'umuntu ku giti cye, binyuze mu mwuka uturuka mu gukorora no mu mwanda w'umuntu wanduye.<ref name="CDC2015Cau">{{Cite web|title=Causes & Transmission|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/transmission.html|website=CDC|access-date=15 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514150205/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/transmission.html|archive-date=May 14, 2016}}</ref> Ibintu byanduye nabyo bishobora gukwirakwiza indwara.<ref name="CDC2015Cau" /> Virusi ya Coxsackie A16 ni yo ikunze kugaragara cyane, naho virusi ya enterovirus 71 ikaba ari yo ikunze kugaragara cyane.<ref name="Morris2019">{{Cite book|last=Morris-Jones|first=Rachael|editor-last=Morris-Jones|editor-first=Rachael|title=ABC of Dermatology|date=2019|publisher=Wiley Blackwell|location=Hoboken|isbn=978-1-119-48899-6|page=120|edition=7th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lm2fDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=&hl=en|language=en|chapter=14. Viral infections|access-date=June 9, 2022|archive-date=May 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516161949/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lm2fDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Izindi ndwara za coxsackievirus na enterovirus na zo zishobora kuba ari zo zitera.<ref name="Repass2014">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Repass GL, Palmer WC, Stancampiano FF|title=Hand, foot, and mouth disease: Identifying and managing an acute viral syndrome|journal=Cleve Clin J Med|volume=81|issue=9|pages=537–43|date=September 2014|pmid=25183845|url=http://www.ccjm.org/content/81/9/537.long|doi=10.3949/ccjm.81a.13132|doi-access=free|access-date=September 24, 2014|archive-date=August 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828100821/https://www.ccjm.org/content/81/9/537.long|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="PLOS2012">{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=Y|last2=Zhu|first2=R|last3=Qian|first3=Y|last4=Deng|first4=J|title=The characteristics of blood glucose and WBC counts in peripheral blood of cases of hand foot and mouth disease in China: a systematic review|journal=PLOS One|volume=7|issue=1|pages=e29003|year=2012|pmid=22235257|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0029003|pmc=3250408|bibcode=2012PLoSO...729003L}}</ref> Hari abantu bashobora kwanduzanya virusi nubwo nta bimenyetso by'indwara bafite.<ref name="CDC2015Sym">{{Cite web|title=Hand Foot and Mouth Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/signs-symptoms.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516032600/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/signs-symptoms.html|archive-date=May 16, 2016}}</ref> Izindi nyamaswa ntizirimo.<ref name="CDC2015Cau" /> Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bishobora gukorwa hashingiwe ku bimenyetso.<ref name="CDC2015Diag" /> Rimwe na rimwe, ikizamini cyo mu muhogo cyangwa mu ntebe gishobora gupimwa virusi.<ref name="CDC2015Diag">{{Cite web|title=Diagnosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/diagnosis.html|website=CDC|access-date=15 May 2016|date=August 18, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514142722/http://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/diagnosis.html|archive-date=May 14, 2016}}</ref>

Isubirwamwo nka 12:27, 9 Ukwakira 2026

Indwara y'impiswi
Other names: Enteroviral vesicular stomatitis with exanthem
Inyandikorugero:Photomontage
  • Top: Spots around mouth

  • Bottom: Spots on feet
Ishami ry'ubuvuziInfectious disease
IbimenyetsoFever, flat discolored spots or bumps that may blister[1]
IngarukaTemporary loss of nails, viral meningitis[2]
Igihe isanzwe itangira2–6 days post exposure[1]
Igihe imara1 week[1]
ImpamvuCoxsackievirus A16, Enterovirus 71[3]
Uburyo bwo kuyisuzumaBased on symptoms, viral culture[4]
KwirindaHandwashing[5]
UbuvuziSupportive care[6]
ImitiPain medication such as ibuprofen[7]
InshuroAs outbreaks[8]

impiswi ni indwara ikunze kwandura iterwa n'itsinda rya virusi.[1] Ubusanzwe bitangirana n'umuriro no kumva utameze neza muri rusange.[1] Ibi bikurikirwa n'umunsi umwe cyangwa ibiri nyuma y'aho habayeho utudomo cyangwa utubyimba dushobora kugaragara ku biganza, ku birenge no ku kanwa ndetse rimwe na rimwe n'amaguru, ku matako no mu nda.[1][8][9] Ibimenyetso bikunze kugaragara nyuma y'iminsi 2-6 umuntu yanduye iyi virusi.[1] Ubusanzwe ibibyimba bihita byisubiraho ubwabyo mu gihe cy'icyumweru kimwe.[10] Kubura inzara n'ibinono by'urutoki bishobora kubaho nyuma y'ibyumweru bike, ariko bizasubira gukura uko igihe kigenda gihita.[2]

Virusi zandura binyuze mu gukoranaho n'umuntu ku giti cye, binyuze mu mwuka uturuka mu gukorora no mu mwanda w'umuntu wanduye.[5] Ibintu byanduye nabyo bishobora gukwirakwiza indwara.[5] Virusi ya Coxsackie A16 ni yo ikunze kugaragara cyane, naho virusi ya enterovirus 71 ikaba ari yo ikunze kugaragara cyane.[11] Izindi ndwara za coxsackievirus na enterovirus na zo zishobora kuba ari zo zitera.[3][12] Hari abantu bashobora kwanduzanya virusi nubwo nta bimenyetso by'indwara bafite.[13] Izindi nyamaswa ntizirimo.[5] Gusuzuma indwara akenshi bishobora gukorwa hashingiwe ku bimenyetso.[4] Rimwe na rimwe, ikizamini cyo mu muhogo cyangwa mu ntebe gishobora gupimwa virusi.[4]

Gukaraba intoki bishobora gukumira ikwirakwira ry’iyi ndwara, kandi abanduye ntibagomba kujya ku kazi, ku irerero cyangwa ku ishuri.[5] Nta miti cyangwa urukingo birwanya virusi bihari, ariko hari ingamba zo guteza imbere iyi ndwara.[14][15] Inshuro nyinshi nta buvuzi bwihariye busaba.[6] Imiti yoroshye y'ububabare nka ibuprofen cyangwa gel yo kuvura indwara zo mu kanwa ishobora gukoreshwa.[7] Rimwe na rimwe, abana badashobora kunywa bihagije bahabwa amazi yo mu mitsi.[7] Ni gake cyane, meningite cyangwa encephalitis ishobora gutuma indwara irushaho kuba mbi.[2]

HFMD ibaho mu bice byose by'isi.[16] Ikunze kugaragara mu ndwara nto zifata abana bato mu mashuri y'incuke cyangwa mu mashuri y'incuke.[8] Icyorezo gikomeye cyatangiye kugaragara muri Aziya kuva mu 1997.[16] Akenshi bibaho mu mezi y'impeshyi, icyi n'impeshyi.[16] Ubusanzwe bibaho mu bana bari munsi y'imyaka itanu, ariko rimwe na rimwe bishobora kubaho no mu bantu bakuru.[8][13] HFMD ntigomba kwitiranywa n'indwara y'uburenge (izwi kandi nka indwara y'ibirenge), yibasira cyane amatungo.[17]

Iriburiro

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Michaels, Marian `G.; Williams, John V. (2023). "13. Infectious diseases". In Zitelli, Basil J.; McIntire, Sara C.; Nowalk, Andrew J.; Garrison, Jessica (eds.). Zitelli and Davis' Atlas of Pediatric Physical Diagnosis (in Icyongereza) (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. p. 459. ISBN 978-0-323-77788-9. Archived from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved December 19, 2022.
  2. 1 2 3 "Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) Complications". CDC. August 18, 2015. Archived from the original on May 11, 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  3. 1 2 Repass GL, Palmer WC, Stancampiano FF (September 2014). "Hand, foot, and mouth disease: Identifying and managing an acute viral syndrome". Cleve Clin J Med. 81 (9): 537–43. doi:10.3949/ccjm.81a.13132. PMID 25183845. Archived from the original on August 28, 2021. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 "Diagnosis". CDC. August 18, 2015. Archived from the original on May 14, 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "Causes & Transmission". CDC. August 18, 2015. Archived from the original on May 14, 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  6. 1 2 Longo, Dan L. (2012). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (18th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07174889-6.
  7. 1 2 3 "Prevention & Treatment". CDC. August 18, 2015. Archived from the original on May 15, 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Kaminska, K; Martinetti, G; Lucchini, R; Kaya, G; Mainetti, C (2013). "Coxsackievirus A6 and Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease: Three Case Reports of Familial Child-to-Immunocompetent Adult Transmission and a Literature Review". Case Reports in Dermatology. 5 (2): 203–209. doi:10.1159/000354533. PMC 3764954. PMID 24019771.
  9. ↑ Ooi, MH; Wong, SC; Lewthwaite, P; Cardosa, MJ; Solomon, T (2010). "Clinical features, diagnosis, and management of enterovirus 71". Lancet Neurology. 9 (11): 1097–1105. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70209-X. PMID 20965438.
  10. ↑ Barlow, Gavin; Irving, William L.; Moss, Peter J. (2020). "20. Infectious disease". In Feather, Adam; Randall, David; Waterhouse, Mona (eds.). Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine (in Icyongereza) (10th ed.). Elsevier. p. 519. ISBN 978-0-7020-7870-5. Archived from the original on October 13, 2022. Retrieved December 10, 2022.
  11. ↑ Morris-Jones, Rachael (2019). "14. Viral infections". In Morris-Jones, Rachael (ed.). ABC of Dermatology (in Icyongereza) (7th ed.). Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-119-48899-6. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved June 9, 2022.
  12. ↑ Li, Y; Zhu, R; Qian, Y; Deng, J (2012). "The characteristics of blood glucose and WBC counts in peripheral blood of cases of hand foot and mouth disease in China: a systematic review". PLOS One. 7 (1): e29003. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...729003L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029003. PMC 3250408. PMID 22235257.
  13. 1 2 "Hand Foot and Mouth Disease". CDC. August 18, 2015. Archived from the original on May 16, 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  14. ↑ Pourianfar HR, Grollo L (February 2014). "Development of antiviral agents toward enterovirus 71 infection". J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 48 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2013.11.011. PMID 24560700.
  15. ↑ Fang, Chih-Yeu; Liu, Chia-Chyi (2018). "Recent development of enterovirus A vaccine candidates for the prevention of hand, foot, and mouth disease". Expert Review of Vaccines. 17 (9): 819–831. doi:10.1080/14760584.2018.1510326. ISSN 1744-8395. PMID 30095317.
  16. 1 2 3 "Outbreaks". CDC. August 18, 2015. Archived from the original on May 17, 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  17. ↑ "Foot and Mouth Disease update: further temporary control zone established in Surrey". Defra. 2007-08-14. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-08-14.
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