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# Copyright (C) 2001-2024, Python Software Foundation
# This file is distributed under the same license as the Python package.
#
# Translators:
# Phate <phate334@gmail.com>, 2015
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Python 3.12\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2024-09-03 11:11+0800\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2022-06-27 09:36+0800\n"
"Last-Translator: Adrian Liaw <adrianliaw2000@gmail.com>\n"
"Language-Team: Chinese - TAIWAN (https://github.com/python/python-docs-zh-"
"tw)\n"
"Language: zh_TW\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
"X-Generator: Poedit 3.1\n"
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:5
msgid "HOWTO Fetch Internet Resources Using The urllib Package"
msgstr "如何使用 urllib 套件取得網路資源"
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:0
msgid "Author"
msgstr "作者"
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:7
msgid "`Michael Foord <https://agileabstractions.com/>`_"
msgstr "`Michael Foord <https://agileabstractions.com/>`_"
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:11
msgid "Introduction"
msgstr "簡介"
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:15
msgid ""
"You may also find useful the following article on fetching web resources "
"with Python:"
msgstr "以下這些與 Python 有關的文章說不定能幫到你::"
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:18
msgid ""
"`Basic Authentication <https://web.archive.org/web/20201215133350/http://www."
"voidspace.org.uk/python/articles/authentication.shtml>`_"
msgstr ""
"`Basic Authentication <https://web.archive.org/web/20201215133350/http://www."
"voidspace.org.uk/python/articles/authentication.shtml>`_"
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:20
msgid "A tutorial on *Basic Authentication*, with examples in Python."
msgstr "以 Python 為例的 *Basic Authentication* 教學。"
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:22
msgid ""
"**urllib.request** is a Python module for fetching URLs (Uniform Resource "
"Locators). It offers a very simple interface, in the form of the *urlopen* "
"function. This is capable of fetching URLs using a variety of different "
"protocols. It also offers a slightly more complex interface for handling "
"common situations - like basic authentication, cookies, proxies and so on. "
"These are provided by objects called handlers and openers."
msgstr ""
"**urllib.request** 是一個用來從 URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) 取得資料的"
"Python模組。它提供一個了非常簡單的介面能接受多種不同的協議，*urlopen* 函式。"
"也提供了較複雜的介面用於處理一些常見的狀況，例如：基本的 authentication、"
"cookies、proxies 等等，這些都可以由 handler 或 opener 物件操作。"
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:29
msgid ""
"urllib.request supports fetching URLs for many \"URL schemes\" (identified "
"by the string before the ``\":\"`` in URL - for example ``\"ftp\"`` is the "
"URL scheme of ``\"ftp://python.org/\"``) using their associated network "
"protocols (e.g. FTP, HTTP). This tutorial focuses on the most common case, "
"HTTP."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:34
msgid ""
"For straightforward situations *urlopen* is very easy to use. But as soon as "
"you encounter errors or non-trivial cases when opening HTTP URLs, you will "
"need some understanding of the HyperText Transfer Protocol. The most "
"comprehensive and authoritative reference to HTTP is :rfc:`2616`. This is a "
"technical document and not intended to be easy to read. This HOWTO aims to "
"illustrate using *urllib*, with enough detail about HTTP to help you "
"through. It is not intended to replace the :mod:`urllib.request` docs, but "
"is supplementary to them."
msgstr ""
"一般情形下 *urlopen* 是非常容易使用的，但當你遇到錯誤或者較複雜的情況下，你可"
"能需要對超文本協議 HyperText Transfer Protocol 有一定的了解。最完整且具參考價"
"值的是 :rfc:`2616`，不過它是一份技術文件並不容易閱讀，以下的教學會提供足夠的 "
"HTTP 知識來幫助你使用 *urllib*。這份教學並非要取代 :mod:`urllib.request` 這份"
"文件，你還是會需要它。"
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:44
msgid "Fetching URLs"
msgstr "從 URL 取得資源"
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:46
msgid "The simplest way to use urllib.request is as follows::"
msgstr "以下是使用 urllib.request 最簡單的方法::"
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:48
msgid ""
"import urllib.request\n"
"with urllib.request.urlopen('http://python.org/') as response:\n"
" html = response.read()"
msgstr ""
"import urllib.request\n"
"with urllib.request.urlopen('http://python.org/') as response:\n"
" html = response.read()"
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:52
msgid ""
"If you wish to retrieve a resource via URL and store it in a temporary "
"location, you can do so via the :func:`shutil.copyfileobj` and :func:"
"`tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile` functions::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:56
msgid ""
"import shutil\n"
"import tempfile\n"
"import urllib.request\n"
"\n"
"with urllib.request.urlopen('http://python.org/') as response:\n"
" with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False) as tmp_file:\n"
" shutil.copyfileobj(response, tmp_file)\n"
"\n"
"with open(tmp_file.name) as html:\n"
" pass"
msgstr ""
"import shutil\n"
"import tempfile\n"
"import urllib.request\n"
"\n"
"with urllib.request.urlopen('http://python.org/') as response:\n"
" with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False) as tmp_file:\n"
" shutil.copyfileobj(response, tmp_file)\n"
"\n"
"with open(tmp_file.name) as html:\n"
" pass"
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:67
msgid ""
"Many uses of urllib will be that simple (note that instead of an 'http:' URL "
"we could have used a URL starting with 'ftp:', 'file:', etc.). However, "
"it's the purpose of this tutorial to explain the more complicated cases, "
"concentrating on HTTP."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:72
msgid ""
"HTTP is based on requests and responses - the client makes requests and "
"servers send responses. urllib.request mirrors this with a ``Request`` "
"object which represents the HTTP request you are making. In its simplest "
"form you create a Request object that specifies the URL you want to fetch. "
"Calling ``urlopen`` with this Request object returns a response object for "
"the URL requested. This response is a file-like object, which means you can "
"for example call ``.read()`` on the response::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:80
msgid ""
"import urllib.request\n"
"\n"
"req = urllib.request.Request('http://python.org/')\n"
"with urllib.request.urlopen(req) as response:\n"
" the_page = response.read()"
msgstr ""
"import urllib.request\n"
"\n"
"req = urllib.request.Request('http://python.org/')\n"
"with urllib.request.urlopen(req) as response:\n"
" the_page = response.read()"
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:86
msgid ""
"Note that urllib.request makes use of the same Request interface to handle "
"all URL schemes. For example, you can make an FTP request like so::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:89
msgid "req = urllib.request.Request('ftp://example.com/')"
msgstr "req = urllib.request.Request('ftp://example.com/')"
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:91
msgid ""
"In the case of HTTP, there are two extra things that Request objects allow "
"you to do: First, you can pass data to be sent to the server. Second, you "
"can pass extra information (\"metadata\") *about* the data or about the "
"request itself, to the server - this information is sent as HTTP "
"\"headers\". Let's look at each of these in turn."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:98
msgid "Data"
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:100
msgid ""
"Sometimes you want to send data to a URL (often the URL will refer to a CGI "
"(Common Gateway Interface) script or other web application). With HTTP, this "
"is often done using what's known as a **POST** request. This is often what "
"your browser does when you submit a HTML form that you filled in on the web. "
"Not all POSTs have to come from forms: you can use a POST to transmit "
"arbitrary data to your own application. In the common case of HTML forms, "
"the data needs to be encoded in a standard way, and then passed to the "
"Request object as the ``data`` argument. The encoding is done using a "
"function from the :mod:`urllib.parse` library. ::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:110
msgid ""
"import urllib.parse\n"
"import urllib.request\n"
"\n"
"url = 'http://www.someserver.com/cgi-bin/register.cgi'\n"
"values = {'name' : 'Michael Foord',\n"
" 'location' : 'Northampton',\n"
" 'language' : 'Python' }\n"
"\n"
"data = urllib.parse.urlencode(values)\n"
"data = data.encode('ascii') # data should be bytes\n"
"req = urllib.request.Request(url, data)\n"
"with urllib.request.urlopen(req) as response:\n"
" the_page = response.read()"
msgstr ""
"import urllib.parse\n"
"import urllib.request\n"
"\n"
"url = 'http://www.someserver.com/cgi-bin/register.cgi'\n"
"values = {'name' : 'Michael Foord',\n"
" 'location' : 'Northampton',\n"
" 'language' : 'Python' }\n"
"\n"
"data = urllib.parse.urlencode(values)\n"
"data = data.encode('ascii') # data should be bytes\n"
"req = urllib.request.Request(url, data)\n"
"with urllib.request.urlopen(req) as response:\n"
" the_page = response.read()"
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:124
msgid ""
"Note that other encodings are sometimes required (e.g. for file upload from "
"HTML forms - see `HTML Specification, Form Submission <https://www.w3.org/TR/"
"REC-html40/interact/forms.html#h-17.13>`_ for more details)."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:129
msgid ""
"If you do not pass the ``data`` argument, urllib uses a **GET** request. One "
"way in which GET and POST requests differ is that POST requests often have "
"\"side-effects\": they change the state of the system in some way (for "
"example by placing an order with the website for a hundredweight of tinned "
"spam to be delivered to your door). Though the HTTP standard makes it clear "
"that POSTs are intended to *always* cause side-effects, and GET requests "
"*never* to cause side-effects, nothing prevents a GET request from having "
"side-effects, nor a POST requests from having no side-effects. Data can also "
"be passed in an HTTP GET request by encoding it in the URL itself."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:139
msgid "This is done as follows::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:141
msgid ""
">>> import urllib.request\n"
">>> import urllib.parse\n"
">>> data = {}\n"
">>> data['name'] = 'Somebody Here'\n"
">>> data['location'] = 'Northampton'\n"
">>> data['language'] = 'Python'\n"
">>> url_values = urllib.parse.urlencode(data)\n"
">>> print(url_values) # The order may differ from below. \n"
"name=Somebody+Here&language=Python&location=Northampton\n"
">>> url = 'http://www.example.com/example.cgi'\n"
">>> full_url = url + '?' + url_values\n"
">>> data = urllib.request.urlopen(full_url)"
msgstr ""
">>> import urllib.request\n"
">>> import urllib.parse\n"
">>> data = {}\n"
">>> data['name'] = 'Somebody Here'\n"
">>> data['location'] = 'Northampton'\n"
">>> data['language'] = 'Python'\n"
">>> url_values = urllib.parse.urlencode(data)\n"
">>> print(url_values) # The order may differ from below. \n"
"name=Somebody+Here&language=Python&location=Northampton\n"
">>> url = 'http://www.example.com/example.cgi'\n"
">>> full_url = url + '?' + url_values\n"
">>> data = urllib.request.urlopen(full_url)"
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:154
msgid ""
"Notice that the full URL is created by adding a ``?`` to the URL, followed "
"by the encoded values."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:158
msgid "Headers"
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:160
msgid ""
"We'll discuss here one particular HTTP header, to illustrate how to add "
"headers to your HTTP request."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:163
msgid ""
"Some websites [#]_ dislike being browsed by programs, or send different "
"versions to different browsers [#]_. By default urllib identifies itself as "
"``Python-urllib/x.y`` (where ``x`` and ``y`` are the major and minor version "
"numbers of the Python release, e.g. ``Python-urllib/2.5``), which may "
"confuse the site, or just plain not work. The way a browser identifies "
"itself is through the ``User-Agent`` header [#]_. When you create a Request "
"object you can pass a dictionary of headers in. The following example makes "
"the same request as above, but identifies itself as a version of Internet "
"Explorer [#]_. ::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:174
msgid ""
"import urllib.parse\n"
"import urllib.request\n"
"\n"
"url = 'http://www.someserver.com/cgi-bin/register.cgi'\n"
"user_agent = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64)'\n"
"values = {'name': 'Michael Foord',\n"
" 'location': 'Northampton',\n"
" 'language': 'Python' }\n"
"headers = {'User-Agent': user_agent}\n"
"\n"
"data = urllib.parse.urlencode(values)\n"
"data = data.encode('ascii')\n"
"req = urllib.request.Request(url, data, headers)\n"
"with urllib.request.urlopen(req) as response:\n"
" the_page = response.read()"
msgstr ""
"import urllib.parse\n"
"import urllib.request\n"
"\n"
"url = 'http://www.someserver.com/cgi-bin/register.cgi'\n"
"user_agent = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64)'\n"
"values = {'name': 'Michael Foord',\n"
" 'location': 'Northampton',\n"
" 'language': 'Python' }\n"
"headers = {'User-Agent': user_agent}\n"
"\n"
"data = urllib.parse.urlencode(values)\n"
"data = data.encode('ascii')\n"
"req = urllib.request.Request(url, data, headers)\n"
"with urllib.request.urlopen(req) as response:\n"
" the_page = response.read()"
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:190
msgid ""
"The response also has two useful methods. See the section on `info and "
"geturl`_ which comes after we have a look at what happens when things go "
"wrong."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:195
msgid "Handling Exceptions"
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:197
msgid ""
"*urlopen* raises :exc:`~urllib.error.URLError` when it cannot handle a "
"response (though as usual with Python APIs, built-in exceptions such as :exc:"
"`ValueError`, :exc:`TypeError` etc. may also be raised)."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:201
msgid ""
":exc:`~urllib.error.HTTPError` is the subclass of :exc:`~urllib.error."
"URLError` raised in the specific case of HTTP URLs."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:204
msgid "The exception classes are exported from the :mod:`urllib.error` module."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:207
msgid "URLError"
msgstr "URLError"
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:209
msgid ""
"Often, URLError is raised because there is no network connection (no route "
"to the specified server), or the specified server doesn't exist. In this "
"case, the exception raised will have a 'reason' attribute, which is a tuple "
"containing an error code and a text error message."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:214
msgid "e.g. ::"
msgstr "例如： ::"
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:216
msgid ""
">>> req = urllib.request.Request('http://www.pretend_server.org')\n"
">>> try: urllib.request.urlopen(req)\n"
"... except urllib.error.URLError as e:\n"
"... print(e.reason) \n"
"...\n"
"(4, 'getaddrinfo failed')"
msgstr ""
">>> req = urllib.request.Request('http://www.pretend_server.org')\n"
">>> try: urllib.request.urlopen(req)\n"
"... except urllib.error.URLError as e:\n"
"... print(e.reason) \n"
"...\n"
"(4, 'getaddrinfo failed')"
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:225
msgid "HTTPError"
msgstr "HTTPError"
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:227
msgid ""
"Every HTTP response from the server contains a numeric \"status code\". "
"Sometimes the status code indicates that the server is unable to fulfil the "
"request. The default handlers will handle some of these responses for you "
"(for example, if the response is a \"redirection\" that requests the client "
"fetch the document from a different URL, urllib will handle that for you). "
"For those it can't handle, urlopen will raise an :exc:`~urllib.error."
"HTTPError`. Typical errors include '404' (page not found), '403' (request "
"forbidden), and '401' (authentication required)."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:235
msgid ""
"See section 10 of :rfc:`2616` for a reference on all the HTTP error codes."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:237
msgid ""
"The :exc:`~urllib.error.HTTPError` instance raised will have an integer "
"'code' attribute, which corresponds to the error sent by the server."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:241
msgid "Error Codes"
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:243
msgid ""
"Because the default handlers handle redirects (codes in the 300 range), and "
"codes in the 100--299 range indicate success, you will usually only see "
"error codes in the 400--599 range."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:247
msgid ""
":attr:`http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler.responses` is a useful dictionary "
"of response codes in that shows all the response codes used by :rfc:`2616`. "
"The dictionary is reproduced here for convenience ::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:251
msgid ""
"# Table mapping response codes to messages; entries have the\n"
"# form {code: (shortmessage, longmessage)}.\n"
"responses = {\n"
" 100: ('Continue', 'Request received, please continue'),\n"
" 101: ('Switching Protocols',\n"
" 'Switching to new protocol; obey Upgrade header'),\n"
"\n"
" 200: ('OK', 'Request fulfilled, document follows'),\n"
" 201: ('Created', 'Document created, URL follows'),\n"
" 202: ('Accepted',\n"
" 'Request accepted, processing continues off-line'),\n"
" 203: ('Non-Authoritative Information', 'Request fulfilled from cache'),\n"
" 204: ('No Content', 'Request fulfilled, nothing follows'),\n"
" 205: ('Reset Content', 'Clear input form for further input.'),\n"
" 206: ('Partial Content', 'Partial content follows.'),\n"
"\n"
" 300: ('Multiple Choices',\n"
" 'Object has several resources -- see URI list'),\n"
" 301: ('Moved Permanently', 'Object moved permanently -- see URI list'),\n"
" 302: ('Found', 'Object moved temporarily -- see URI list'),\n"
" 303: ('See Other', 'Object moved -- see Method and URL list'),\n"
" 304: ('Not Modified',\n"
" 'Document has not changed since given time'),\n"
" 305: ('Use Proxy',\n"
" 'You must use proxy specified in Location to access this '\n"
" 'resource.'),\n"
" 307: ('Temporary Redirect',\n"
" 'Object moved temporarily -- see URI list'),\n"
"\n"
" 400: ('Bad Request',\n"
" 'Bad request syntax or unsupported method'),\n"
" 401: ('Unauthorized',\n"
" 'No permission -- see authorization schemes'),\n"
" 402: ('Payment Required',\n"
" 'No payment -- see charging schemes'),\n"
" 403: ('Forbidden',\n"
" 'Request forbidden -- authorization will not help'),\n"
" 404: ('Not Found', 'Nothing matches the given URI'),\n"
" 405: ('Method Not Allowed',\n"
" 'Specified method is invalid for this server.'),\n"
" 406: ('Not Acceptable', 'URI not available in preferred format.'),\n"
" 407: ('Proxy Authentication Required', 'You must authenticate with '\n"
" 'this proxy before proceeding.'),\n"
" 408: ('Request Timeout', 'Request timed out; try again later.'),\n"
" 409: ('Conflict', 'Request conflict.'),\n"
" 410: ('Gone',\n"
" 'URI no longer exists and has been permanently removed.'),\n"
" 411: ('Length Required', 'Client must specify Content-Length.'),\n"
" 412: ('Precondition Failed', 'Precondition in headers is false.'),\n"
" 413: ('Request Entity Too Large', 'Entity is too large.'),\n"
" 414: ('Request-URI Too Long', 'URI is too long.'),\n"
" 415: ('Unsupported Media Type', 'Entity body in unsupported format.'),\n"
" 416: ('Requested Range Not Satisfiable',\n"
" 'Cannot satisfy request range.'),\n"
" 417: ('Expectation Failed',\n"
" 'Expect condition could not be satisfied.'),\n"
"\n"
" 500: ('Internal Server Error', 'Server got itself in trouble'),\n"
" 501: ('Not Implemented',\n"
" 'Server does not support this operation'),\n"
" 502: ('Bad Gateway', 'Invalid responses from another server/proxy.'),\n"
" 503: ('Service Unavailable',\n"
" 'The server cannot process the request due to a high load'),\n"
" 504: ('Gateway Timeout',\n"
" 'The gateway server did not receive a timely response'),\n"
" 505: ('HTTP Version Not Supported', 'Cannot fulfill request.'),\n"
" }"
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:319
msgid ""
"When an error is raised the server responds by returning an HTTP error code "
"*and* an error page. You can use the :exc:`~urllib.error.HTTPError` instance "
"as a response on the page returned. This means that as well as the code "
"attribute, it also has read, geturl, and info, methods as returned by the "
"``urllib.response`` module::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:324
msgid ""
">>> req = urllib.request.Request('http://www.python.org/fish.html')\n"
">>> try:\n"
"... urllib.request.urlopen(req)\n"
"... except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:\n"
"... print(e.code)\n"
"... print(e.read()) \n"
"...\n"
"404\n"
"b'<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN\"\n"
" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional."
"dtd\">\\n\\n\\n<html\n"
" ...\n"
" <title>Page Not Found</title>\\n\n"
" ..."
msgstr ""
">>> req = urllib.request.Request('http://www.python.org/fish.html')\n"
">>> try:\n"
"... urllib.request.urlopen(req)\n"
"... except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:\n"
"... print(e.code)\n"
"... print(e.read()) \n"
"...\n"
"404\n"
"b'<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN\"\n"
" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional."
"dtd\">\\n\\n\\n<html\n"
" ...\n"
" <title>Page Not Found</title>\\n\n"
" ..."
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:339
msgid "Wrapping it Up"
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:341
msgid ""
"So if you want to be prepared for :exc:`~urllib.error.HTTPError` *or* :exc:"
"`~urllib.error.URLError` there are two basic approaches. I prefer the second "
"approach."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:345
msgid "Number 1"
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:350
msgid ""
"from urllib.request import Request, urlopen\n"
"from urllib.error import URLError, HTTPError\n"
"req = Request(someurl)\n"
"try:\n"
" response = urlopen(req)\n"
"except HTTPError as e:\n"
" print('The server couldn\\'t fulfill the request.')\n"
" print('Error code: ', e.code)\n"
"except URLError as e:\n"
" print('We failed to reach a server.')\n"
" print('Reason: ', e.reason)\n"
"else:\n"
" # everything is fine"
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:367
msgid ""
"The ``except HTTPError`` *must* come first, otherwise ``except URLError`` "
"will *also* catch an :exc:`~urllib.error.HTTPError`."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:371
msgid "Number 2"
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:375
msgid ""
"from urllib.request import Request, urlopen\n"
"from urllib.error import URLError\n"
"req = Request(someurl)\n"
"try:\n"
" response = urlopen(req)\n"
"except URLError as e:\n"
" if hasattr(e, 'reason'):\n"
" print('We failed to reach a server.')\n"
" print('Reason: ', e.reason)\n"
" elif hasattr(e, 'code'):\n"
" print('The server couldn\\'t fulfill the request.')\n"
" print('Error code: ', e.code)\n"
"else:\n"
" # everything is fine"
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:392
msgid "info and geturl"
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:394
msgid ""
"The response returned by urlopen (or the :exc:`~urllib.error.HTTPError` "
"instance) has two useful methods :meth:`!info` and :meth:`!geturl` and is "
"defined in the module :mod:`urllib.response`."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:398
msgid ""
"**geturl** - this returns the real URL of the page fetched. This is useful "
"because ``urlopen`` (or the opener object used) may have followed a "
"redirect. The URL of the page fetched may not be the same as the URL "
"requested."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:402
msgid ""
"**info** - this returns a dictionary-like object that describes the page "
"fetched, particularly the headers sent by the server. It is currently an :"
"class:`http.client.HTTPMessage` instance."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:406
msgid ""
"Typical headers include 'Content-length', 'Content-type', and so on. See the "
"`Quick Reference to HTTP Headers <https://jkorpela.fi/http.html>`_ for a "
"useful listing of HTTP headers with brief explanations of their meaning and "
"use."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:413
msgid "Openers and Handlers"
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:415
msgid ""
"When you fetch a URL you use an opener (an instance of the perhaps "
"confusingly named :class:`urllib.request.OpenerDirector`). Normally we have "
"been using the default opener - via ``urlopen`` - but you can create custom "
"openers. Openers use handlers. All the \"heavy lifting\" is done by the "
"handlers. Each handler knows how to open URLs for a particular URL scheme "
"(http, ftp, etc.), or how to handle an aspect of URL opening, for example "
"HTTP redirections or HTTP cookies."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:423
msgid ""
"You will want to create openers if you want to fetch URLs with specific "
"handlers installed, for example to get an opener that handles cookies, or to "
"get an opener that does not handle redirections."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:427
msgid ""
"To create an opener, instantiate an ``OpenerDirector``, and then call ``."
"add_handler(some_handler_instance)`` repeatedly."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:430
msgid ""
"Alternatively, you can use ``build_opener``, which is a convenience function "
"for creating opener objects with a single function call. ``build_opener`` "
"adds several handlers by default, but provides a quick way to add more and/"
"or override the default handlers."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:435
msgid ""
"Other sorts of handlers you might want to can handle proxies, "
"authentication, and other common but slightly specialised situations."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:438
msgid ""
"``install_opener`` can be used to make an ``opener`` object the (global) "
"default opener. This means that calls to ``urlopen`` will use the opener you "
"have installed."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:442
msgid ""
"Opener objects have an ``open`` method, which can be called directly to "
"fetch urls in the same way as the ``urlopen`` function: there's no need to "
"call ``install_opener``, except as a convenience."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:448
msgid "Basic Authentication"
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:450
msgid ""
"To illustrate creating and installing a handler we will use the "
"``HTTPBasicAuthHandler``. For a more detailed discussion of this subject -- "
"including an explanation of how Basic Authentication works - see the `Basic "
"Authentication Tutorial <https://web.archive.org/web/20201215133350/http://"
"www.voidspace.org.uk/python/articles/authentication.shtml>`__."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:456
msgid ""
"When authentication is required, the server sends a header (as well as the "
"401 error code) requesting authentication. This specifies the "
"authentication scheme and a 'realm'. The header looks like: ``WWW-"
"Authenticate: SCHEME realm=\"REALM\"``."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:461
msgid "e.g."
msgstr "例如"
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:463
msgid "WWW-Authenticate: Basic realm=\"cPanel Users\""
msgstr "WWW-Authenticate: Basic realm=\"cPanel Users\""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:468
msgid ""
"The client should then retry the request with the appropriate name and "
"password for the realm included as a header in the request. This is 'basic "
"authentication'. In order to simplify this process we can create an instance "
"of ``HTTPBasicAuthHandler`` and an opener to use this handler."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:473
msgid ""
"The ``HTTPBasicAuthHandler`` uses an object called a password manager to "
"handle the mapping of URLs and realms to passwords and usernames. If you "
"know what the realm is (from the authentication header sent by the server), "
"then you can use a ``HTTPPasswordMgr``. Frequently one doesn't care what the "
"realm is. In that case, it is convenient to use "
"``HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm``. This allows you to specify a default "
"username and password for a URL. This will be supplied in the absence of you "
"providing an alternative combination for a specific realm. We indicate this "
"by providing ``None`` as the realm argument to the ``add_password`` method."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:483
msgid ""
"The top-level URL is the first URL that requires authentication. URLs "
"\"deeper\" than the URL you pass to .add_password() will also match. ::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:486
msgid ""
"# create a password manager\n"
"password_mgr = urllib.request.HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm()\n"
"\n"
"# Add the username and password.\n"
"# If we knew the realm, we could use it instead of None.\n"
"top_level_url = \"http://example.com/foo/\"\n"
"password_mgr.add_password(None, top_level_url, username, password)\n"
"\n"
"handler = urllib.request.HTTPBasicAuthHandler(password_mgr)\n"
"\n"
"# create \"opener\" (OpenerDirector instance)\n"
"opener = urllib.request.build_opener(handler)\n"
"\n"
"# use the opener to fetch a URL\n"
"opener.open(a_url)\n"
"\n"
"# Install the opener.\n"
"# Now all calls to urllib.request.urlopen use our opener.\n"
"urllib.request.install_opener(opener)"
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:508
msgid ""
"In the above example we only supplied our ``HTTPBasicAuthHandler`` to "
"``build_opener``. By default openers have the handlers for normal situations "
"-- ``ProxyHandler`` (if a proxy setting such as an :envvar:`!http_proxy` "
"environment variable is set), ``UnknownHandler``, ``HTTPHandler``, "
"``HTTPDefaultErrorHandler``, ``HTTPRedirectHandler``, ``FTPHandler``, "
"``FileHandler``, ``DataHandler``, ``HTTPErrorProcessor``."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:515
msgid ""
"``top_level_url`` is in fact *either* a full URL (including the 'http:' "
"scheme component and the hostname and optionally the port number) e.g. "
"``\"http://example.com/\"`` *or* an \"authority\" (i.e. the hostname, "
"optionally including the port number) e.g. ``\"example.com\"`` or "
"``\"example.com:8080\"`` (the latter example includes a port number). The "
"authority, if present, must NOT contain the \"userinfo\" component - for "
"example ``\"joe:password@example.com\"`` is not correct."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:525
msgid "Proxies"
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:527
msgid ""
"**urllib** will auto-detect your proxy settings and use those. This is "
"through the ``ProxyHandler``, which is part of the normal handler chain when "
"a proxy setting is detected. Normally that's a good thing, but there are "
"occasions when it may not be helpful [#]_. One way to do this is to setup "
"our own ``ProxyHandler``, with no proxies defined. This is done using "
"similar steps to setting up a `Basic Authentication`_ handler: ::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:534
msgid ""
">>> proxy_support = urllib.request.ProxyHandler({})\n"
">>> opener = urllib.request.build_opener(proxy_support)\n"
">>> urllib.request.install_opener(opener)"
msgstr ""
">>> proxy_support = urllib.request.ProxyHandler({})\n"
">>> opener = urllib.request.build_opener(proxy_support)\n"
">>> urllib.request.install_opener(opener)"
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:540
msgid ""
"Currently ``urllib.request`` *does not* support fetching of ``https`` "
"locations through a proxy. However, this can be enabled by extending urllib."
"request as shown in the recipe [#]_."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:546
msgid ""
"``HTTP_PROXY`` will be ignored if a variable ``REQUEST_METHOD`` is set; see "
"the documentation on :func:`~urllib.request.getproxies`."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:551
msgid "Sockets and Layers"
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:553
msgid ""
"The Python support for fetching resources from the web is layered. urllib "
"uses the :mod:`http.client` library, which in turn uses the socket library."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:556
msgid ""
"As of Python 2.3 you can specify how long a socket should wait for a "
"response before timing out. This can be useful in applications which have to "
"fetch web pages. By default the socket module has *no timeout* and can hang. "
"Currently, the socket timeout is not exposed at the http.client or urllib."
"request levels. However, you can set the default timeout globally for all "
"sockets using ::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:562
msgid ""
"import socket\n"
"import urllib.request\n"
"\n"
"# timeout in seconds\n"
"timeout = 10\n"
"socket.setdefaulttimeout(timeout)\n"
"\n"
"# this call to urllib.request.urlopen now uses the default timeout\n"
"# we have set in the socket module\n"
"req = urllib.request.Request('http://www.voidspace.org.uk')\n"
"response = urllib.request.urlopen(req)"
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:579
msgid "Footnotes"
msgstr "註解"
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:581
msgid "This document was reviewed and revised by John Lee."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:583
msgid "Google for example."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:584
msgid ""
"Browser sniffing is a very bad practice for website design - building sites "
"using web standards is much more sensible. Unfortunately a lot of sites "
"still send different versions to different browsers."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:587
msgid ""
"The user agent for MSIE 6 is *'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT "
"5.1; SV1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)'*"
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:589
msgid ""
"For details of more HTTP request headers, see `Quick Reference to HTTP "
"Headers`_."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:591
msgid ""
"In my case I have to use a proxy to access the internet at work. If you "
"attempt to fetch *localhost* URLs through this proxy it blocks them. IE is "
"set to use the proxy, which urllib picks up on. In order to test scripts "
"with a localhost server, I have to prevent urllib from using the proxy."
msgstr ""
#: ../../howto/urllib2.rst:596
msgid ""
"urllib opener for SSL proxy (CONNECT method): `ASPN Cookbook Recipe <https://"
"code.activestate.com/recipes/456195-urrlib2-opener-for-ssl-proxy-connect-"
"method/>`_."
msgstr ""
#~ msgid ""
#~ "There is a French translation of an earlier revision of this HOWTO, "
#~ "available at `urllib2 - Le Manuel manquant <https://web.archive.org/"
#~ "web/20200910051922/http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/articles/"
#~ "urllib2_francais.shtml>`_."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "這份指南出自於早期版本的法文翻譯 `urllib2 - Le Manuel manquant <https://"
#~ "web.archive.org/web/20200910051922/http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/"
#~ "articles/urllib2_francais.shtml>`_。"