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cmath is numerically unsound #45722
Description
| BPO | 1381 |
|---|---|
| Nosy | @gvanrossum, @loewis, @jcea, @mdickinson, @tiran |
| Files |
Note: these values reflect the state of the issue at the time it was migrated and might not reflect the current state.
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GitHub fields:
assignee = None
closed_at = <Date 2008-04-23.17:08:48.543>
created_at = <Date 2007-11-03.18:58:58.226>
labels = ['extension-modules', 'type-bug']
title = 'cmath is numerically unsound'
updated_at = <Date 2010-05-11.15:01:04.386>
user = 'https://bugs.python.org/inducer'bugs.python.org fields:
activity = <Date 2010-05-11.15:01:04.386>
actor = 'bins'
assignee = 'none'
closed = True
closed_date = <Date 2008-04-23.17:08:48.543>
closer = 'mark.dickinson'
components = ['Extension Modules']
creation = <Date 2007-11-03.18:58:58.226>
creator = 'inducer'
dependencies = []
files = ['8685', '8807', '9065']
hgrepos = []
issue_num = 1381
keywords = ['patch']
message_count = 23.0
messages = ['57088', '57089', '57090', '57092', '57098', '57104', '57835', '59268', '59557', '59568', '59570', '59572', '59637', '59638', '61499', '65703', '105510', '105512', '105515', '105517', '105519', '105521', '105522']
nosy_count = 8.0
nosy_names = ['gvanrossum', 'loewis', 'jcea', 'mark.dickinson', 'alanmcintyre', 'inducer', 'christian.heimes', 'bins']
pr_nums = []
priority = 'normal'
resolution = 'fixed'
stage = None
status = 'closed'
superseder = None
type = 'behavior'
url = 'https://bugs.python.org/issue1381'
versions = ['Python 2.6', 'Python 3.0', 'Python 3.1']
Activity
inducer commentedon Nov 3, 2007
This here basically says it all:
The boost.math toolkit at [2] is an implementation that does better in
the above (real-only) aspect.
[2] http://freespace.virgin.net/boost.regex/toolkit/html/index.html
Tim Peters remarks in [1] that basically all of cmath is unsound.
http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-bugs-list/2001-February/004126.html
I just wanted to make sure that this issue remains on the radar.
loewis commentedon Nov 3, 2007
Can you propose a patch?
inducer commentedon Nov 3, 2007
On Samstag 03 November 2007, Martin v. Löwis wrote:
Other than point at how boost.math does things, I don't have the time to work
on this right now, sorry.
Andreas
alanmcintyre commentedon Nov 4, 2007
I have to review a few complex math topics for some of my current course
work, so I wouldn't mind taking a look into this. I can't promise I'll
have the time required to make all of cmath correct (assuming it's as
unsound as claimed), but I'll do what I can.
mdickinson commentedon Nov 4, 2007
I took a look at this a while back, and got as far as writing a pure
Python drop-in replacement for cmath, based on Kahan's "branch cuts for
elementary functions" paper. This fixes a variety of problems in cmath,
including the buggy branch cuts for asinh. File attached, in case it's
of any use.
As Tim Peters pointed out, the real problem here is a lack of decent
unit tests for these functions. I have tests for the file above, but
they assume IEEE754 floats, which is probably not an acceptable
assumption in general.
loewis commentedon Nov 4, 2007
It would be ok if a test is only run on a system with IEEE floats, and
skipped elsewhere. For all practical purposes, Python assumes that all
systems have IEEE float.
mdickinson commentedon Nov 26, 2007
Here is (quite a large) patch, cmath.patch, that fixes a variety of
problems in the current cmath module. A summary of the changes:
sqrt, log, acos, acosh, asin, asinh, atan, atanh no longer produce
overflow errors for very large inputs
exp, cos, sin, tan, cosh, sinh, tanh produce valid answers in some cases
where they incorrectly overflowed before.
sqrt and log are more accurate for tiny numbers
numeric problems in some functions (especially asinh and asin) should
have been fixed
the branch cuts for asinh have been moved to the standard positions
the direction of continuity for the branch cuts of tan, tanh have been
fixed
on systems with full hardware and system support for signed zeros (most
modern systems), functions with a branch cut are continuous on both sides
of the branch cut. (As recommended by the C99 standard, amongst others.)
The patch includes documentation updates, but there are still no tests.
(My current tests make heavy use of the MPFR library, and assume IEEE-754
format doubles, so need to be seriously reworked.) The tests are on my to-
do list, but I'm unlikely to find time for them before the new year. In
the meantime, I'd very much appreciate any feedback on this patch, if
anyone has the time/energy/inclination to look at it. (Andreas: are you
in a position to give this a test-run?)
mdickinson commentedon Jan 5, 2008
Here's an updated patch for cmath, complete with tests and documentation changes.
There's an extra file, Lib/test/cmath.ctest, containing test values for the various functions;
these test values were obtained using MPFR and interval arithmetic, and (modulo bugs) should
all be correctly rounded.
Any feedback would be much appreciated.
mdickinson commentedon Jan 8, 2008
A note to any potential reviewers for this patch (cmath3.patch): I'm especially
looking for non-mathematical feedback here, so please don't be put off by the
mathematics. Some questions:
there's a new file cmath.ctest containing testcases; should this be put
directly into Lib/test (where it is right now), or is there a better place. Is
the name of this file reasonable?
is the new stuff in pyport.h (checks for _copysign and copysign, and automatic
renaming of _copysign to copysign) okay? Should it be in cmathmodule.c instead?
is the code in test_cmath that looks for the testcase file okay?
And it would be really great if someone with access to a Windows box could just
verify that the tests pass with this patch applied; I've only tested it on OS X
and Linux.
tiran commentedon Jan 8, 2008
constructor for Windows compatibility in mathmodule.c:
I know no platform besides Windows with a _copysign method. You don't
have to add tests for _copysign for Windows. You may want to add the
code to PC/pyconfig.h and define HAVE_COPYSIGN there.
test_file = testdir + os.sep + 'cmath.ctest
make that:
test_file = os.path.join(testdir, 'cmath.ctest')
Windows doesn't have log1p, the hyperbolic area functions (asinh) and
some other functions, too. IIRC Windows does only implement the Bessel
functions of 1st and 2nd kind but non of the other C99 math functions.
mdickinson commentedon Jan 8, 2008
Okay: would it be okay for me to move the #ifdef MS_WINDOWS sequence
somewhere where it can be used by both mathmodule.c and cmathmodule.c,
then?
There are replacements for log1p and asinh in the patch, so it shouldn't
matter than they're missing on Windows---it might mean that the accuracy
of some of the functions is slightly reduced on Windows, though.
tiran commentedon Jan 8, 2008
It may even be a good idea to move asinh, copysign and log1p to a new
file Python/pymath.c and add compensatory implementations of acosh,
atanh and expm1, too. The math related code in pyport.h could then be
moved to Include/pymath.h. In the past some people have asked me to
implement the reverse hyperbolic functions for the math module.
This is beyond a simple fix for the cmath module and should be discussed
on the python-dev list first.
tiran commentedon Jan 10, 2008
Guido, how do you like the idea of Include/pymath.h and Python/pymath.c
containing supplementary mathematical functions and mathematical
constants? Mark's patch for cmath is rather large, can it still be
applied to 2.5?
gvanrossum commentedon Jan 10, 2008
Are you crazy? Adding new features to 2.5? No way!
tiran commentedon Jan 22, 2008
See bpo-1640 and svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/branches/trunk-math
mdickinson commentedon Apr 23, 2008
Substantial fixes for the cmath module went into the trunk and the py3k
branches as part of the merge of the trunk-math branch. These fixes
address the asinh problems in this issue, amongst other things. See
r62380 (trunk) and r62384 (py3k).
bins commentedon May 11, 2010
hi there,
it seems there is still a problem, at least with asinh(-2j)
see:
same behaviour for python3.1:
$ python3
Python 3.1.2 (r312:79147, Apr 1 2010, 09:12:21)
[GCC 4.4.3 20100316 (prerelease)] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
cheers,
sebastien.
mdickinson commentedon May 11, 2010
Python's result looks fine to me, as does numpy's: they're both giving a valid inverse hyperbolic sine:
Perhaps numpy is using different branch cuts?
mdickinson commentedon May 11, 2010
A bit more explanation: Python takes account of the sign of zero when deciding which side of the branch cut a value lies, which is the proper thing to do when you have signed zeros available (according to the likes of Kahan, anyway); I suspect that numpy isn't doing that, but is treating all values that lie directly on a branch in the same way.
In this case there's a branch cut from -1j down to -1j*inf. Values just to the right of that branch cut (i.e., with positive real part) should have a result with positive real part; values just to the left of it should have negative real part:
Some results (using complex() to create the values, since other ways of creating complex numbers are prone to changing the sign of a zero):
So the cmath module is working as intended here. numpy may or may not be working as intended: I don't know how much they care about branch cut continuity.
bins commentedon May 11, 2010
hi Mark,
that may very well be so, but I'd naively standardize on C/Fortran behaviour (but that's probably my physicist bias)
on my platform, the following piece of C-code:
gives:
$ ./a.out
asinh(-2j) = -1.31696 + -1.5708i
cheers,
sebastien.
mdickinson commentedon May 11, 2010
Yep, that's exactly what Python does. :) (Also follows the LISP standard).
Note that in your program, you're feeding complex(-0.0, -2.0) to asinh,
not complex(0.0, 2.0).
mdickinson commentedon May 11, 2010
Bah; that should be complex(0.0, -2.0) in the second line, of course.
Anyway, try passing conj(2*I) to asinh in your C program and see what happens. :)
bins commentedon May 11, 2010
ah!
(ducking)