@@ -1150,6 +1150,41 @@ def __del__(self):
         self.assertEqual(out.strip(), b"OK")
         self.assertIn(b"can't create new thread at interpreter shutdown", err)
 
+    def test_start_new_thread_failed(self):
+        # gh-109746: if Python fails to start newly created thread
+        # due to failure of underlying PyThread_start_new_thread() call,
+        # its state should be removed from interpreter' thread states list
+        # to avoid its double cleanup
+        try:
+            from resource import setrlimit, RLIMIT_NPROC
+        except ImportError as err:
+            self.skipTest(err)  # RLIMIT_NPROC is specific to Linux and BSD
+        code = """if 1:
+            import resource
+            import _thread
+
+            def f():
+                print("shouldn't be printed")
+
+            limits = resource.getrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_NPROC)
+            [_, hard] = limits
+            resource.setrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_NPROC, (0, hard))
+
+            try:
+                _thread.start_new_thread(f, ())
+            except RuntimeError:
+                print('ok')
+            else:
+                print('skip')
+        """
+        _, out, err = assert_python_ok("-u", "-c", code)
+        out = out.strip()
+        if out == b'skip':
+            self.skipTest('RLIMIT_NPROC had no effect; probably superuser')
+        self.assertEqual(out, b'ok')
+        self.assertEqual(err, b'')
+
+
 class ThreadJoinOnShutdown(BaseTestCase):
 
     def _run_and_join(self, script):
 
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+If :func:`!_thread.start_new_thread` fails to start a new thread, it deletes its state from interpreter and thus avoids its repeated cleanup on finalization.
@@ -1219,6 +1219,7 @@ thread_PyThread_start_new_thread(PyObject *self, PyObject *fargs)
     if (ident == PYTHREAD_INVALID_THREAD_ID) {
         PyErr_SetString(ThreadError, "can't start new thread");
         PyThreadState_Clear(boot->tstate);
+        PyThreadState_Delete(boot->tstate);
         thread_bootstate_free(boot, 1);
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -1593,7 +1593,9 @@ tstate_delete_common(PyThreadState *tstate)
     if (tstate->_status.bound_gilstate) {
         unbind_gilstate_tstate(tstate);
     }
-    unbind_tstate(tstate);
+    if (tstate->_status.bound) {
+        unbind_tstate(tstate);
+    }
 
     // XXX Move to PyThreadState_Clear()?
     clear_datastack(tstate);
Original file line number	Diff line number	Diff line change
`@@ -0,0 +1 @@`
	`1`	+If :func:`!_thread.start_new_thread` fails to start a new thread, it deletes its state from interpreter and thus avoids its repeated cleanup on finalization.
Original file line number	Diff line number	Diff line change
`@@ -1219,6 +1219,7 @@ thread_PyThread_start_new_thread(PyObject self, PyObject fargs)`
`1219`	`1219`	`if (ident == PYTHREAD_INVALID_THREAD_ID) {`
`1220`	`1220`	`PyErr_SetString(ThreadError, "can't start new thread");`
`1221`	`1221`	`PyThreadState_Clear(boot->tstate);`
	`1222`	`+ PyThreadState_Delete(boot->tstate);`
`1222`	`1223`	`thread_bootstate_free(boot, 1);`
`1223`	`1224`	`return NULL;`
`1224`	`1225`	`}`