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1780 lines (1407 loc) · 59.4 KB
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"""Thread module emulating a subset of Java's threading model."""
import os as _os
import sys as _sys
import _thread
import _contextvars
from time import monotonic as _time
from _weakrefset import WeakSet
from itertools import count as _count
try:
from _collections import deque as _deque
except ImportError:
from collections import deque as _deque
# Note regarding PEP 8 compliant names
# This threading model was originally inspired by Java, and inherited
# the convention of camelCase function and method names from that
# language. Those original names are not in any imminent danger of
# being deprecated (even for Py3k),so this module provides them as an
# alias for the PEP 8 compliant names
# Note that using the new PEP 8 compliant names facilitates substitution
# with the multiprocessing module, which doesn't provide the old
# Java inspired names.
__all__ = ['get_ident', 'active_count', 'Condition', 'current_thread',
'enumerate', 'main_thread', 'TIMEOUT_MAX',
'Event', 'Lock', 'RLock', 'Semaphore', 'BoundedSemaphore', 'Thread',
'Barrier', 'BrokenBarrierError', 'Timer', 'ThreadError',
'setprofile', 'settrace', 'local', 'stack_size',
'excepthook', 'ExceptHookArgs', 'gettrace', 'getprofile',
'serialize_iterator', 'synchronized_iterator', 'concurrent_tee',
'setprofile_all_threads','settrace_all_threads']
# Rename some stuff so "from threading import *" is safe
_start_joinable_thread = _thread.start_joinable_thread
_daemon_threads_allowed = _thread.daemon_threads_allowed
_allocate_lock = _thread.allocate_lock
_LockType = _thread.LockType
_thread_shutdown = _thread._shutdown
_make_thread_handle = _thread._make_thread_handle
_ThreadHandle = _thread._ThreadHandle
get_ident = _thread.get_ident
_get_main_thread_ident = _thread._get_main_thread_ident
_is_main_interpreter = _thread._is_main_interpreter
try:
get_native_id = _thread.get_native_id
_HAVE_THREAD_NATIVE_ID = True
__all__.append('get_native_id')
except AttributeError:
_HAVE_THREAD_NATIVE_ID = False
try:
_set_name = _thread.set_name
except AttributeError:
_set_name = None
ThreadError = _thread.error
try:
_CRLock = _thread.RLock
except AttributeError:
_CRLock = None
TIMEOUT_MAX = _thread.TIMEOUT_MAX
del _thread
# get thread-local implementation, either from the thread
# module, or from the python fallback
try:
from _thread import _local as local
except ImportError:
from _threading_local import local
# Support for profile and trace hooks
_profile_hook = None
_trace_hook = None
def setprofile(func):
"""Set a profile function for all threads started from the threading module.
The func will be passed to sys.setprofile() for each thread, before its
run() method is called.
"""
global _profile_hook
_profile_hook = func
def setprofile_all_threads(func):
"""Set a profile function for all threads started from the threading module
and all Python threads that are currently executing.
The func will be passed to sys.setprofile() for each thread, before its
run() method is called.
"""
setprofile(func)
_sys._setprofileallthreads(func)
def getprofile():
"""Get the profiler function as set by threading.setprofile()."""
return _profile_hook
def settrace(func):
"""Set a trace function for all threads started from the threading module.
The func will be passed to sys.settrace() for each thread, before its run()
method is called.
"""
global _trace_hook
_trace_hook = func
def settrace_all_threads(func):
"""Set a trace function for all threads started from the threading module
and all Python threads that are currently executing.
The func will be passed to sys.settrace() for each thread, before its run()
method is called.
"""
settrace(func)
_sys._settraceallthreads(func)
def gettrace():
"""Get the trace function as set by threading.settrace()."""
return _trace_hook
# Synchronization classes
Lock = _LockType
def RLock():
"""Factory function that returns a new reentrant lock.
A reentrant lock must be released by the thread that acquired it. Once a
thread has acquired a reentrant lock, the same thread may acquire it again
without blocking; the thread must release it once for each time it has
acquired it.
"""
if _CRLock is None:
return _PyRLock()
return _CRLock()
class _RLock:
"""This class implements reentrant lock objects.
A reentrant lock must be released by the thread that acquired it. Once a
thread has acquired a reentrant lock, the same thread may acquire it
again without blocking; the thread must release it once for each time it
has acquired it.
"""
def __init__(self):
self._block = _allocate_lock()
self._owner = None
self._count = 0
def __repr__(self):
owner = self._owner
try:
owner = _active[owner].name
except KeyError:
pass
return "<%s %s.%s object owner=%r count=%d at %s>" % (
"locked" if self.locked() else "unlocked",
self.__class__.__module__,
self.__class__.__qualname__,
owner,
self._count,
hex(id(self))
)
def _at_fork_reinit(self):
self._block._at_fork_reinit()
self._owner = None
self._count = 0
def acquire(self, blocking=True, timeout=-1):
"""Acquire a lock, blocking or non-blocking.
When invoked without arguments: if this thread already owns the lock,
increment the recursion level by one, and return immediately. Otherwise,
if another thread owns the lock, block until the lock is unlocked. Once
the lock is unlocked (not owned by any thread), then grab ownership, set
the recursion level to one, and return. If more than one thread is
blocked waiting until the lock is unlocked, only one at a time will be
able to grab ownership of the lock. There is no return value in this
case.
When invoked with the blocking argument set to true, do the same thing
as when called without arguments, and return true.
When invoked with the blocking argument set to false, do not block. If a
call without an argument would block, return false immediately;
otherwise, do the same thing as when called without arguments, and
return true.
When invoked with the floating-point timeout argument set to a positive
value, block for at most the number of seconds specified by timeout
and as long as the lock cannot be acquired. Return true if the lock has
been acquired, false if the timeout has elapsed.
"""
me = get_ident()
if self._owner == me:
self._count += 1
return 1
rc = self._block.acquire(blocking, timeout)
if rc:
self._owner = me
self._count = 1
return rc
__enter__ = acquire
def release(self):
"""Release a lock, decrementing the recursion level.
If after the decrement it is zero, reset the lock to unlocked (not owned
by any thread), and if any other threads are blocked waiting for the
lock to become unlocked, allow exactly one of them to proceed. If after
the decrement the recursion level is still nonzero, the lock remains
locked and owned by the calling thread.
Only call this method when the calling thread owns the lock. A
RuntimeError is raised if this method is called when the lock is
unlocked.
There is no return value.
"""
if self._owner != get_ident():
raise RuntimeError("cannot release un-acquired lock")
self._count = count = self._count - 1
if not count:
self._owner = None
self._block.release()
def __exit__(self, t, v, tb):
self.release()
def locked(self):
"""Return whether this object is locked."""
return self._block.locked()
# Internal methods used by condition variables
def _acquire_restore(self, state):
self._block.acquire()
self._count, self._owner = state
def _release_save(self):
if self._count == 0:
raise RuntimeError("cannot release un-acquired lock")
count = self._count
self._count = 0
owner = self._owner
self._owner = None
self._block.release()
return (count, owner)
def _is_owned(self):
return self._owner == get_ident()
# Internal method used for reentrancy checks
def _recursion_count(self):
if self._owner != get_ident():
return 0
return self._count
_PyRLock = _RLock
class Condition:
"""Class that implements a condition variable.
A condition variable allows one or more threads to wait until they are
notified by another thread.
If the lock argument is given and not None, it must be a Lock or RLock
object, and it is used as the underlying lock. Otherwise, a new RLock object
is created and used as the underlying lock.
"""
def __init__(self, lock=None):
if lock is None:
lock = RLock()
self._lock = lock
# Export the lock's acquire(), release(), and locked() methods
self.acquire = lock.acquire
self.release = lock.release
self.locked = lock.locked
# If the lock defines _release_save() and/or _acquire_restore(),
# these override the default implementations (which just call
# release() and acquire() on the lock). Ditto for _is_owned().
if hasattr(lock, '_release_save'):
self._release_save = lock._release_save
if hasattr(lock, '_acquire_restore'):
self._acquire_restore = lock._acquire_restore
if hasattr(lock, '_is_owned'):
self._is_owned = lock._is_owned
self._waiters = _deque()
def _at_fork_reinit(self):
self._lock._at_fork_reinit()
self._waiters.clear()
def __enter__(self):
return self._lock.__enter__()
def __exit__(self, *args):
return self._lock.__exit__(*args)
def __repr__(self):
return "<Condition(%s, %d)>" % (self._lock, len(self._waiters))
def _release_save(self):
self._lock.release() # No state to save
def _acquire_restore(self, x):
self._lock.acquire() # Ignore saved state
def _is_owned(self):
# Return True if lock is owned by current_thread.
# This method is called only if _lock doesn't have _is_owned().
if self._lock.acquire(False):
self._lock.release()
return False
else:
return True
def wait(self, timeout=None):
"""Wait until notified or until a timeout occurs.
If the calling thread has not acquired the lock when this method is
called, a RuntimeError is raised.
This method releases the underlying lock, and then blocks until it is
awakened by a notify() or notify_all() call for the same condition
variable in another thread, or until the optional timeout occurs. Once
awakened or timed out, it re-acquires the lock and returns.
When the timeout argument is present and not None, it should be a
floating-point number specifying a timeout for the operation in seconds
(or fractions thereof).
When the underlying lock is an RLock, it is not released using its
release() method, since this may not actually unlock the lock when it
was acquired multiple times recursively. Instead, an internal interface
of the RLock class is used, which really unlocks it even when it has
been recursively acquired several times. Another internal interface is
then used to restore the recursion level when the lock is reacquired.
"""
if not self._is_owned():
raise RuntimeError("cannot wait on un-acquired lock")
waiter = _allocate_lock()
waiter.acquire()
self._waiters.append(waiter)
saved_state = self._release_save()
gotit = False
try: # restore state no matter what (e.g., KeyboardInterrupt)
if timeout is None:
waiter.acquire()
gotit = True
else:
if timeout <= 0:
gotit = waiter.acquire(False)
else:
# A NaN timeout is rejected by acquire().
gotit = waiter.acquire(True, timeout)
return gotit
finally:
self._acquire_restore(saved_state)
if not gotit:
try:
self._waiters.remove(waiter)
except ValueError:
pass
def wait_for(self, predicate, timeout=None):
"""Wait until a condition evaluates to True.
predicate should be a callable which result will be interpreted as a
boolean value. A timeout may be provided giving the maximum time to
wait.
"""
endtime = None
waittime = timeout
result = predicate()
while not result:
if waittime is not None:
if endtime is None:
endtime = _time() + waittime
else:
waittime = endtime - _time()
if waittime <= 0:
break
self.wait(waittime)
result = predicate()
return result
def notify(self, n=1):
"""Wake up one or more threads waiting on this condition, if any.
If the calling thread has not acquired the lock when this method is
called, a RuntimeError is raised.
This method wakes up at most n of the threads waiting for the condition
variable; it is a no-op if no threads are waiting.
"""
if not self._is_owned():
raise RuntimeError("cannot notify on un-acquired lock")
waiters = self._waiters
while waiters and n > 0:
waiter = waiters[0]
try:
waiter.release()
except RuntimeError:
# gh-92530: The previous call of notify() released the lock,
# but was interrupted before removing it from the queue.
# It can happen if a signal handler raises an exception,
# like CTRL+C which raises KeyboardInterrupt.
pass
else:
n -= 1
try:
waiters.remove(waiter)
except ValueError:
pass
def notify_all(self):
"""Wake up all threads waiting on this condition.
If the calling thread has not acquired the lock when this method
is called, a RuntimeError is raised.
"""
self.notify(len(self._waiters))
def notifyAll(self):
"""Wake up all threads waiting on this condition.
This method is deprecated, use notify_all() instead.
"""
import warnings
warnings.warn('notifyAll() is deprecated, use notify_all() instead',
DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
self.notify_all()
class Semaphore:
"""This class implements semaphore objects.
Semaphores manage a counter representing the number of release() calls minus
the number of acquire() calls, plus an initial value. The acquire() method
blocks if necessary until it can return without making the counter
negative. If not given, value defaults to 1.
"""
# After Tim Peters' semaphore class, but not quite the same (no maximum)
def __init__(self, value=1):
if value < 0:
raise ValueError("semaphore initial value must be >= 0")
self._cond = Condition(Lock())
self._value = value
def __repr__(self):
cls = self.__class__
return (f"<{cls.__module__}.{cls.__qualname__} at {id(self):#x}:"
f" value={self._value}>")
def acquire(self, blocking=True, timeout=None):
"""Acquire a semaphore, decrementing the internal counter by one.
When invoked without arguments: if the internal counter is larger than
zero on entry, decrement it by one and return immediately. If it is zero
on entry, block, waiting until some other thread has called release() to
make it larger than zero. This is done with proper interlocking so that
if multiple acquire() calls are blocked, release() will wake exactly one
of them up. The implementation may pick one at random, so the order in
which blocked threads are awakened should not be relied on. There is no
return value in this case.
When invoked with blocking set to true, do the same thing as when called
without arguments, and return true.
When invoked with blocking set to false, do not block. If a call without
an argument would block, return false immediately; otherwise, do the
same thing as when called without arguments, and return true.
When invoked with a timeout other than None, it will block for at
most timeout seconds. If acquire does not complete successfully in
that interval, return false. Return true otherwise.
"""
if not blocking and timeout is not None:
raise ValueError("can't specify timeout for non-blocking acquire")
rc = False
endtime = None
with self._cond:
while self._value == 0:
if not blocking:
break
if timeout is not None:
if endtime is None:
endtime = _time() + timeout
else:
timeout = endtime - _time()
if timeout <= 0:
break
self._cond.wait(timeout)
else:
self._value -= 1
rc = True
return rc
__enter__ = acquire
def release(self, n=1):
"""Release a semaphore, incrementing the internal counter by one or more.
When the counter is zero on entry and another thread is waiting for it
to become larger than zero again, wake up that thread.
"""
if n < 1:
raise ValueError('n must be one or more')
with self._cond:
self._value += n
self._cond.notify(n)
def __exit__(self, t, v, tb):
self.release()
class BoundedSemaphore(Semaphore):
"""Implements a bounded semaphore.
A bounded semaphore checks to make sure its current value doesn't exceed its
initial value. If it does, ValueError is raised. In most situations
semaphores are used to guard resources with limited capacity.
If the semaphore is released too many times it's a sign of a bug. If not
given, value defaults to 1.
Like regular semaphores, bounded semaphores manage a counter representing
the number of release() calls minus the number of acquire() calls, plus an
initial value. The acquire() method blocks if necessary until it can return
without making the counter negative. If not given, value defaults to 1.
"""
def __init__(self, value=1):
super().__init__(value)
self._initial_value = value
def __repr__(self):
cls = self.__class__
return (f"<{cls.__module__}.{cls.__qualname__} at {id(self):#x}:"
f" value={self._value}/{self._initial_value}>")
def release(self, n=1):
"""Release a semaphore, incrementing the internal counter by one or more.
When the counter is zero on entry and another thread is waiting for it
to become larger than zero again, wake up that thread.
If the number of releases exceeds the number of acquires,
raise a ValueError.
"""
if n < 1:
raise ValueError('n must be one or more')
with self._cond:
if self._value + n > self._initial_value:
raise ValueError("Semaphore released too many times")
self._value += n
self._cond.notify(n)
class Event:
"""Class implementing event objects.
Events manage a flag that can be set to true with the set() method and reset
to false with the clear() method. The wait() method blocks until the flag is
true. The flag is initially false.
"""
# After Tim Peters' event class (without is_posted())
def __init__(self):
self._cond = Condition(Lock())
self._flag = False
def __repr__(self):
cls = self.__class__
status = 'set' if self._flag else 'unset'
return f"<{cls.__module__}.{cls.__qualname__} at {id(self):#x}: {status}>"
def _at_fork_reinit(self):
# Private method called by Thread._after_fork()
self._cond._at_fork_reinit()
def is_set(self):
"""Return true if and only if the internal flag is true."""
return self._flag
def isSet(self):
"""Return true if and only if the internal flag is true.
This method is deprecated, use is_set() instead.
"""
import warnings
warnings.warn('isSet() is deprecated, use is_set() instead',
DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
return self.is_set()
def set(self):
"""Set the internal flag to true.
All threads waiting for it to become true are awakened. Threads
that call wait() once the flag is true will not block at all.
"""
with self._cond:
self._flag = True
self._cond.notify_all()
def clear(self):
"""Reset the internal flag to false.
Subsequently, threads calling wait() will block until set() is called to
set the internal flag to true again.
"""
with self._cond:
self._flag = False
def wait(self, timeout=None):
"""Block until the internal flag is true.
If the internal flag is true on entry, return immediately. Otherwise,
block until another thread calls set() to set the flag to true, or until
the optional timeout occurs.
When the timeout argument is present and not None, it should be a
floating-point number specifying a timeout for the operation in seconds
(or fractions thereof).
This method returns the internal flag on exit, so it will always return
``True`` except if a timeout is given and the operation times out, when
it will return ``False``.
"""
with self._cond:
signaled = self._flag
if not signaled:
signaled = self._cond.wait(timeout)
return signaled
# A barrier class. Inspired in part by the pthread_barrier_* api and
# the CyclicBarrier class from Java. See
# http://sourceware.org/pthreads-win32/manual/pthread_barrier_init.html and
# http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/api/java/util/concurrent/
# CyclicBarrier.html
# for information.
# We maintain two main states, 'filling' and 'draining' enabling the barrier
# to be cyclic. Threads are not allowed into it until it has fully drained
# since the previous cycle. In addition, a 'resetting' state exists which is
# similar to 'draining' except that threads leave with a BrokenBarrierError,
# and a 'broken' state in which all threads get the exception.
class Barrier:
"""Implements a Barrier.
Useful for synchronizing a fixed number of threads at known synchronization
points. Threads block on 'wait()' and are simultaneously awoken once they
have all made that call.
"""
def __init__(self, parties, action=None, timeout=None):
"""Create a barrier, initialised to 'parties' threads.
'action' is a callable which, when supplied, will be called by one of
the threads after they have all entered the barrier and just prior to
releasing them all. If a 'timeout' is provided, it is used as the
default for all subsequent 'wait()' calls.
"""
if parties < 1:
raise ValueError("parties must be >= 1")
self._cond = Condition(Lock())
self._action = action
self._timeout = timeout
self._parties = parties
self._state = 0 # 0 filling, 1 draining, -1 resetting, -2 broken
self._count = 0
def __repr__(self):
cls = self.__class__
if self.broken:
return f"<{cls.__module__}.{cls.__qualname__} at {id(self):#x}: broken>"
return (f"<{cls.__module__}.{cls.__qualname__} at {id(self):#x}:"
f" waiters={self.n_waiting}/{self.parties}>")
def wait(self, timeout=None):
"""Wait for the barrier.
When the specified number of threads have started waiting, they are all
simultaneously awoken. If an 'action' was provided for the barrier, one
of the threads will have executed that callback prior to returning.
Returns an individual index number from 0 to 'parties-1'.
"""
if timeout is None:
timeout = self._timeout
with self._cond:
self._enter() # Block while the barrier drains.
index = self._count
self._count += 1
try:
if index + 1 == self._parties:
# We release the barrier
self._release()
else:
# We wait until someone releases us
self._wait(timeout)
return index
finally:
self._count -= 1
# Wake up any threads waiting for barrier to drain.
self._exit()
# Block until the barrier is ready for us, or raise an exception
# if it is broken.
def _enter(self):
while self._state in (-1, 1):
# It is draining or resetting, wait until done
self._cond.wait()
#see if the barrier is in a broken state
if self._state < 0:
raise BrokenBarrierError
assert self._state == 0
# Optionally run the 'action' and release the threads waiting
# in the barrier.
def _release(self):
try:
if self._action:
self._action()
# enter draining state
self._state = 1
self._cond.notify_all()
except:
#an exception during the _action handler. Break and reraise
self._break()
raise
# Wait in the barrier until we are released. Raise an exception
# if the barrier is reset or broken.
def _wait(self, timeout):
if not self._cond.wait_for(lambda : self._state != 0, timeout):
#timed out. Break the barrier
self._break()
raise BrokenBarrierError
if self._state < 0:
raise BrokenBarrierError
assert self._state == 1
# If we are the last thread to exit the barrier, signal any threads
# waiting for the barrier to drain.
def _exit(self):
if self._count == 0:
if self._state in (-1, 1):
#resetting or draining
self._state = 0
self._cond.notify_all()
def reset(self):
"""Reset the barrier to the initial state.
Any threads currently waiting will get the BrokenBarrier exception
raised.
"""
with self._cond:
if self._count > 0:
if self._state == 0:
#reset the barrier, waking up threads
self._state = -1
elif self._state == -2:
#was broken, set it to reset state
#which clears when the last thread exits
self._state = -1
else:
self._state = 0
self._cond.notify_all()
def abort(self):
"""Place the barrier into a 'broken' state.
Useful in case of error. Any currently waiting threads and threads
attempting to 'wait()' will have BrokenBarrierError raised.
"""
with self._cond:
self._break()
def _break(self):
# An internal error was detected. The barrier is set to
# a broken state all parties awakened.
self._state = -2
self._cond.notify_all()
@property
def parties(self):
"""Return the number of threads required to trip the barrier."""
return self._parties
@property
def n_waiting(self):
"""Return the number of threads currently waiting at the barrier."""
# We don't need synchronization here since this is an ephemeral result
# anyway. It returns the correct value in the steady state.
if self._state == 0:
return self._count
return 0
@property
def broken(self):
"""Return True if the barrier is in a broken state."""
return self._state == -2
# exception raised by the Barrier class
class BrokenBarrierError(RuntimeError):
pass
## Synchronization tools for iterators #####################
class serialize_iterator:
"""Wrap a non-concurrent iterator with a lock to enforce sequential access.
Applies a non-reentrant lock around calls to __next__. If the
wrapped iterator also defines send(), throw(), or close(), those
calls are serialized as well.
Allows iterator and generator instances to be shared by multiple consumer
threads.
For example, itertools.count does not make thread-safe instances,
but that is easily fixed with:
atomic_counter = serialize_iterator(itertools.count())
"""
__slots__ = ('_iterator', '_lock')
def __init__(self, iterable):
self._iterator = iter(iterable)
self._lock = Lock()
def __iter__(self):
return self
def __next__(self):
with self._lock:
return next(self._iterator)
def send(self, value, /):
"""Send a value to a generator.
Raises AttributeError if not a generator.
"""
with self._lock:
return self._iterator.send(value)
def throw(self, *args):
"""Call throw() on a generator.
Raises AttributeError if not a generator.
"""
with self._lock:
return self._iterator.throw(*args)
def close(self):
"""Call close() on a generator.
Raises AttributeError if not a generator.
"""
with self._lock:
return self._iterator.close()
def synchronized_iterator(func):
"""Wrap an iterator-returning callable to make its iterators thread-safe.
Existing itertools and more-itertools can be wrapped so that their
iterator instances are serialized.
For example, itertools.count does not make thread-safe instances,
but that is easily fixed with:
atomic_counter = synchronized_iterator(itertools.count)
Can also be used as a decorator for generator function definitions
so that the generator instances are serialized::
import time
@synchronized_iterator
def enumerate_and_timestamp(iterable):
for count, value in enumerate(iterable):
yield count, time.time_ns(), value
"""
from functools import wraps
@wraps(func)
def inner(*args, **kwargs):
iterator = func(*args, **kwargs)
return serialize_iterator(iterator)
return inner
def concurrent_tee(iterable, n=2):
"""Variant of itertools.tee() but with guaranteed threading semantics.
Takes a non-threadsafe iterator as an input and creates concurrent
tee objects for other threads to have reliable independent copies of
the data stream.
The new iterators are only thread-safe if consumed within a single thread.
To share just one of the new iterators across multiple threads, wrap it
with threading.serialize_iterator().
"""
if n < 0:
raise ValueError("n must be a non-negative integer")
if n == 0:
return ()
iterator = _concurrent_tee(iterable)
result = [iterator]
for _ in range(n - 1):
result.append(_concurrent_tee(iterator))
return tuple(result)
class _concurrent_tee:
__slots__ = ('iterator', 'link', 'lock')
def __init__(self, iterable):
if isinstance(iterable, _concurrent_tee):
self.iterator = iterable.iterator
self.link = iterable.link
self.lock = iterable.lock
else:
self.iterator = iter(iterable)
self.link = [None, None]
self.lock = Lock()
def __iter__(self):
return self
def __next__(self):
link = self.link
if link[1] is None:
with self.lock:
if link[1] is None:
link[0] = next(self.iterator)
link[1] = [None, None]
value, self.link = link
return value
############################################################
# Helper to generate new thread names
_counter = _count(1).__next__
def _newname(name_template):
return name_template % _counter()
# Active thread administration.
#
# bpo-44422: Use a reentrant lock to allow reentrant calls to functions like
# threading.enumerate().
_active_limbo_lock = RLock()
_active = {} # maps thread id to Thread object
_limbo = {}