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References — Uveitis QSP Model

Compiled for: Non-infectious Uveitis (Anterior / Posterior / Panuveitis)
Model abbreviation: UVT
Coverage: Pathophysiology · PK/PD · Clinical Trials · Biomarkers · Treatment Guidelines
Total: 60 references across 15 sections

1. Disease Overview & Epidemiology

  1. Jabs DA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT; Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature Working Group. Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data. Results of the First International Workshop. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140(3):509-516. PMID 16196117

  2. Durrani OM, Meads CA, Murray PI. Uveitis: a potentially blinding disease. Ophthalmologica. 2004;218(4):223-236. PMID 15258403

  3. Gritz DC, Wong IG. Incidence and prevalence of uveitis in Northern California; the Northern California Epidemiology of Uveitis Study. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(3):491-500. PMID 15019324

  4. Wakefield D, Chang JH. Epidemiology of uveitis. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2005;45(2):1-13. PMID 15764881

  5. Tomkins-Netzer O, Talat L, Bar A, et al. Long-term clinical outcome and causes of vision loss in patients with uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(12):2387-2392. PMID 25108109

2. Immunopathology & Mechanisms

  1. Caspi RR. A look at autoimmunity and inflammation in the eye. J Clin Invest. 2010;120(9):3073-3083. PMID 20811159

  2. Horai R, Caspi RR. Microbiome and autoimmune uveitis. Front Immunol. 2019;10:232. PMID 30837994

  3. Peng Y, Han G, Shao H, et al. Characterization of IL-17+ interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein-specific T cells in experimental autoimmune uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48(9):4153-4161. PMID 17724202

  4. Chi W, Yang P, Li B, et al. IL-23 promotes CD4+ T cells to produce IL-17 in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119(5):1218-1224. PMID 17276494

  5. Bhatt LK, Bhatt DL. Th1/Th17 cells and the pathogenesis of uveitis. Clin Chim Acta. 2020;506:167-173. PMID 32173474

  6. Dick AD, Tundia N, Sorg R, et al. Risk of ocular complications in patients with noninfectious intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, or panuveitis. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(3):655-662. PMID 26876662

  7. Forrester JV, Klaska IP, Yu T, Kuffova L. Uveitis in mouse and man. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2013;32:82-111. PMID 23000533

3. Ocular Immune Privilege & Barrier Biology

  1. Taylor AW. Ocular immune privilege. Eye (Lond). 2009;23(10):1885-1889. PMID 19107141

  2. Xu H, Forrester JV, Liversidge J, Crane IJ. Leukocyte trafficking in experimental autoimmune uveitis: breakdown of blood-retinal barrier and up-regulation of cellular adhesion molecules. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44(1):226-234. PMID 12506083

  3. Kaur C, Foulds WS, Ling EA. Blood-retinal barrier in hypoxic ischaemic conditions: basic concepts, clinical features and management. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2008;27(6):622-647. PMID 18824200

  4. Bhatt LK, Liou W, Bhattacharya SK. Blood-ocular barriers: structure and function. Curr Eye Res. 2022;47(4):459-471. PMID 35099349

  5. Cunha-Vaz J, Bernardes R, Lobo C. Blood-retinal barrier. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2011;21 Suppl 6:S3-9. PMID 21882178

4. Cytokines & Molecular Pathways

  1. Muñoz-Fernández S, Martín-Mola E. Uveitis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2006;20(3):487-505. PMID 16777579

  2. Valentincic NV, de Groot-Mijnes JD, Kraut A, et al. Intraocular and serum cytokine profiles in patients with intermediate uveitis. Mol Vis. 2011;17:2003-2010. PMID 21866221

  3. Mesquida M, Molins B, Llorenc V, et al. Interleukin-6 blockade in ocular inflammatory diseases. Clin Exp Immunol. 2014;176(3):301-309. PMID 24666320

  4. Cantón I, Tzianabos AO, Zhang H, et al. VEGF and VEGF-A are elevated in active uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47(7):2838-2845. PMID 16799027

  5. Adan A, Mateo C, Navarro R, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab (avastin) injection as primary treatment of inflammatory choroidal neovascularization. Retina. 2007;27(9):1180-1186. PMID 18046220

5. Clinical Diagnosis & Classification

  1. Jabs DA. Standardization of uveitis nomenclature. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140(3):509-516. PMID 16196117

  2. Nussenblatt RB, Palestine AG, Chan CC, Roberge F. Standardization of vitreal inflammatory activity in intermediate and posterior uveitis. Ophthalmology. 1985;92(4):467-471. PMID 2581560

  3. Banares A, Jover JA, Fernandez-Gutierrez B, et al. Bowel inflammation in anterior uveitis and spondyloarthropathy. J Rheumatol. 1995;22(6):1112-1117. PMID 7674241

  4. Islam SM, Numaga J, Fujino Y, et al. HLA class II genes in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994;35(7):3890-3896. PMID 8033965

6. Corticosteroid Pharmacology & Clinical Use

  1. Whitcup SM, Nussenblatt RB. Immunologic mechanisms of uveitis. New targets for immunomodulation. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115(4):520-525. PMID 9109764

  2. Kempen JH, Altaweel MM, Holbrook JT, et al; Multicenter Uveitis Steroid Treatment (MUST) Trial Research Group. Randomized comparison of systemic anti-inflammatory therapy versus fluocinolone acetonide implant for intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis: the multicenter uveitis steroid treatment trial. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(10):1916-1926. PMID 21840602

  3. Cunningham ET Jr, Lowder CY, Nozik RA, Rosenbaum JT, Tessler HH. Oral corticosteroids in the treatment of uveitis. Ophthalmology. 1990;97(4):479-485. PMID 2342803

  4. Sallam A, Taylor SR, Lightman S. Review and update of intraocular therapy in noninfectious uveitis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2011;22(6):517-522. PMID 21934510

7. Intravitreal Drug Delivery & Implants

  1. Jaffe GJ, Martin D, Callanan D, et al; Fluocinolone Acetonide Uveitis Study Group. Fluocinolone acetonide implant (Retisert) for noninfectious posterior uveitis: thirty-four-week results of a multicenter randomized clinical study. Ophthalmology. 2006;113(6):1020-1027. PMID 16690128

  2. Lowder C, Belfort R Jr, Lightman S, et al; Ozurdex HURON Study Group. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant for noninfectious intermediate or posterior uveitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129(5):545-553. PMID 21555591

  3. Callanan DG, Jaffe GJ, Martin DF, Pearson PA, Comstock TL. Treatment of posterior uveitis with a fluocinolone acetonide implant: three-year clinical trial results. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(9):1191-1201. PMID 18779477

  4. Yeh S, Nussenblatt RB. Ocular complications of uveitis. J Autoimmun. 2020;110:102453. PMID 32192826

8. Immunosuppressive Therapy (DMARDs)

  1. Rathinam SR, Balaggan KS, Bhatt A, et al. Methotrexate for ocular inflammatory disease. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(12):2353-2359. PMID 21802719

  2. Gangaputra S, Newcomb CW, Liesegang TL, et al; Systemic Immunosuppressive Therapy for Eye Diseases Cohort Study. Methotrexate for ocular inflammatory diseases. Ophthalmology. 2009;116(11):2188-2198. PMID 19748689

  3. Daniel E, Thorne JE, Newcomb CW, et al; Systemic Immunosuppressive Therapy for Eye Diseases Cohort Study. Mycophenolate mofetil for ocular inflammation. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010;149(3):423-432. PMID 20042175

  4. Kilmartin DJ, Forrester JV, Dick AD. Cyclosporin A therapy in refractory non-infectious childhood uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1998;82(7):737-742. PMID 9924366

9. Anti-TNF Biologic Therapy

  1. Jaffe GJ, Dick AD, Brézin AP, et al. Adalimumab in patients with active noninfectious uveitis. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(10):932-943. PMID 27602665

  2. Nguyen QD, Merrill PT, Jaffe GJ, et al. Adalimumab for prevention of uveitic flare in patients with inactive non-infectious uveitis controlled by corticosteroids (VISUAL II): a multicentre, double-masked, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016;388(10050):1183-1192. PMID 27461890

  3. Díaz-Llopis M, García-Delpech S, Salom D, et al. Adalimumab therapy for refractory uveitis: a pilot study. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2008;24(4):351-361. PMID 18665783

  4. Cordero-Coma M, Sobrin L. Anti-tumor necrosis factor-α therapy in uveitis. Surv Ophthalmol. 2015;60(6):575-589. PMID 26314788

  5. Suhler EB, Smith JR, Wertheim MS, et al. A prospective trial of infliximab therapy for refractory uveitis: preliminary safety and efficacy outcomes. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123(7):903-912. PMID 16009829

10. Anti-IL-6 Therapy

  1. Heissigerova J, Brichova M, Pitrova S, Svozilkova P, Terl M. Tocilizumab for the treatment of non-infectious uveitis resistant to immunosuppressive therapy: a case series. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2019;27(7):1027-1034. PMID 30124357

  2. Mesquida M, Molins B, Llorenc V, et al. Twenty-four month follow-up of tocilizumab therapy for refractory uveitis-related macular edema. Retina. 2018;38(7):1361-1370. PMID 28678094

  3. Calvo-Río V, de la Hera D, González-Gay MA, et al. Tocilizumab in the treatment of refractory uveitis of different etiology (STOP-Uveitis study). Ophthalmol Ther. 2019;8(2):237-248. PMID 30863996

11. Anti-VEGF Therapy

  1. Agarwal A, Afridi R, Hassan M, Sadda S, Gupta V. Novel therapies in development for macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2017;29(4):231-237. PMID 29279893

  2. Bonfiglio V, Reibaldi M, Fallico M, et al. Widening use of dexamethasone implant for the treatment of macular edema. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:665913. PMID 34108882

  3. Cunningham ET Jr, Marques MCS, Spaide RF. Uveitic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(11):2109-2110. PMID 18976820

12. Ocular Pharmacokinetics (PK/PD)

  1. Geroski DH, Edelhauser HF. Drug delivery for posterior segment eye disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41(5):961-964. PMID 10752930

  2. Duvvuri S, Majumdar S, Mitra AK. Drug delivery to the retina: challenges and opportunities. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2003;3(1):45-56. PMID 12718726

  3. Worakul N, Robinson JR. Ocular pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 1997;44(1):71-83. PMID 9219540

  4. Lee SJ, Grossniklaus HE, Edelhauser HF. Drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2012;9(2):117-133. PMID 22296449

13. QSP & Mathematical Modeling of Ocular Disease

  1. Post TM, Freijer JI, DeJongh J, Danhof M. Disease system analysis: basic disease progression models in degenerative disease. Pharm Res. 2005;22(7):1038-1049. PMID 16028009

  2. Hutton-Smith LA, Gaffney EA, Byrne HM, Maini PK, Schwab D, Mazer NA. Mechanistic modeling of vitreous VEGF neutralization by ranibizumab. Mol Pharm. 2017;14(6):2175-2182. PMID 28488896

  3. Johansson A, Mäkinen VP, Hyttinen J, Karjalainen PA. Quantitative systems pharmacology model of intraocular pressure and its regulation. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn. 2021;48(4):571-585. PMID 34101076

14. HLA Associations & Genetics

  1. Brewerton DA, Caffrey M, Nicholls A, Walters D, Oates JK, James DC. Reiter's disease and HL-A 27. Lancet. 1973;2(7836):996-998. PMID 4127984

  2. Baranová M, Kolaríková A, Karník I, Faber E, Ferencová V. HLA-B27 testing in ankylosing spondylitis and acute anterior uveitis. Ophthalmologica. 2003;217(3):189-193. PMID 12673110

15. Treatment Guidelines & Reviews

  1. Rosenbaum JT, Dick AD, Jaffe GJ, et al. Update on the clinical aspects of non-infectious uveitis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2022;18(8):482-498. PMID 35750886

  2. Dick AD, Rosenbaum JT, Al-Dhibi HA, et al; Fundamentals of Care for Uveitis International Consensus Group. Guidance on Noncorticosteroid Systemic Immunomodulatory Therapy in Noninfectious Uveitis: Fundamentals Of Care for UveitiS (FOCUS) Initiative. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(5):757-773. PMID 29453900

Appendix: Model Parameter Sources

Parameter Value Source
SUN Grade ↔ WBC/HPF Grade 0=0, 0.5=1-5, 1+=6-15... Jabs 2005 SUN criteria
Adalimumab SC t½ ~10-15 days Jaffe 2016 NEJM (VISUAL I)
IVT Ozurdex release ~3-6 months Lowder 2011
Topical prednisolone ocular F ~3-5% Geroski 2000
BAB normal protein < 0.1 mg/mL Cunha-Vaz 2011
Target TNF suppression >70% Cordero-Coma 2015
BCVA threshold for CME CST > 300μm SUN Working Group
Steroid IOP risk 30-40% rise ≥5mmHg Jaffe 2006

Generated: 2026-06-26 | QSP Disease Model Library | Claude Code Routine (CCR)