링크 방식에 대한 안내 / A note on how these links are built. 아래 항목은 대부분 제목 기반 PubMed 검색 링크입니다. 존재하지 않는 PMID를 만들어 넣는 것보다, 제목으로 조회되는 링크가 항상 올바른 논문을 가리키기 때문입니다. 확신하는 소수의 landmark 논문에는 PMID를 함께 적었습니다.

Most entries below are title-resolved PubMed search links rather than bare PMIDs. A title query always resolves to the correct paper, whereas a mis-remembered accession number silently points at the wrong one. PMIDs are given only for the handful of landmark papers where the number is certain.

각 절의 제목 뒤 대괄호는 이 문헌이 모델의 어느 항을 지지하는지를 가리킵니다 — 문헌 목록이 아니라 모델의 근거 대장으로 읽으십시오. The bracket after each section heading names which term of the model that section supports, so this reads as a provenance ledger rather than a booklist.

[모델 항: Bell 병기 판독 규칙, GA별 발생률 보정 목표]

1. Bell MJ, Ternberg JL, Feigin RD, et al. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: therapeutic decisions based upon clinical staging. Ann Surg. 1978;187(1):1-7. (PMID 413500) — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/413500/ → 모델의 BellStage 판독 규칙(의심 / 확진 / 진행)의 원전.
2. Walsh MC, Kliegman RM. Necrotizing enterocolitis: treatment based on staging criteria. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1986. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Walsh+Kliegman+necrotizing+enterocolitis+treatment+based+on+staging+criteria
3. Neu J, Walker WA. Necrotizing enterocolitis. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(3):255-264. (PMID 21247316) — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21247316/
4. Battersby C, Santhalingam T, Costeloe K, Modi N. Incidence of neonatal necrotising enterocolitis in high-income countries: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2018. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Battersby+incidence+of+neonatal+necrotising+enterocolitis+in+high-income+countries → GA 구간별 발생률 보정 목표(24-25주 12-15 %, 30-32주 1-3 %)의 근거.
5. Patel RM, Kandefer S, Walsh MC, et al. Causes and timing of death in extremely premature infants from 2000 through 2011. N Engl J Med. 2015. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Patel+causes+and+timing+of+death+in+extremely+premature+infants+2000+through+2011
6. Berman L, Moss RL. Necrotizing enterocolitis: an update. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Berman+Moss+necrotizing+enterocolitis+an+update
7. Sharma R, Hudak ML. A clinical perspective of necrotizing enterocolitis: past, present, and future. Clin Perinatol. 2013. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Sharma+Hudak+clinical+perspective+necrotizing+enterocolitis+past+present+future
8. Gephart SM, Spitzer AR, Effken JA, et al. Discrimination of GutCheck-NEC: a clinical risk index for necrotizing enterocolitis. J Perinatol. 2014. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Gephart+GutCheck+NEC+clinical+risk+index+necrotizing+enterocolitis

[모델 항: TLR4expr = TLR4max·(1 − phiTLR·MAT) — 왜 미숙할수록 같은 균에 더 크게 반응하는가]

9. Nanthakumar N, Meng D, Goldstein AM, et al. The mechanism of excessive intestinal inflammation in necrotizing enterocolitis: an immature innate immune response. PLoS One. 2011. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Nanthakumar+mechanism+of+excessive+intestinal+inflammation+necrotizing+enterocolitis+immature+innate+immune+response → 미숙 장에서 IκB 발현이 낮고 NF-κB 반응이 과도하다는 직접 근거.
10. Sodhi CP, Neal MD, Siggers R, et al. Intestinal epithelial Toll-like receptor 4 regulates goblet cell development and is required for necrotizing enterocolitis in mice. Gastroenterology. 2012. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Sodhi+intestinal+epithelial+Toll-like+receptor+4+regulates+goblet+cell+development+necrotizing+enterocolitis
11. Leaphart CL, Cavallo J, Gribar SC, et al. A critical role for TLR4 in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis by modulating intestinal injury and repair. J Immunol. 2007. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Leaphart+critical+role+for+TLR4+pathogenesis+necrotizing+enterocolitis+modulating+intestinal+injury+and+repair → 증식 차단항 block = 1/(1+(INJ/Ki)²) 의 근거: TLR4 신호가 손상만 늘리는 것이 아니라 크립트 재생을 동시에 억제한다.
12. Hackam DJ, Sodhi CP. Toll-like receptor-mediated intestinal inflammatory imbalance in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Hackam+Sodhi+Toll-like+receptor+mediated+intestinal+inflammatory+imbalance+pathogenesis+necrotizing+enterocolitis
13. Niño DF, Sodhi CP, Hackam DJ. Necrotizing enterocolitis: new insights into pathogenesis and mechanisms. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Nino+Sodhi+Hackam+necrotizing+enterocolitis+new+insights+into+pathogenesis+and+mechanisms
14. Good M, Sodhi CP, Hackam DJ. Evidence-based feeding strategies before and after the development of necrotizing enterocolitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2014. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Good+Sodhi+Hackam+evidence-based+feeding+strategies+before+and+after+development+necrotizing+enterocolitis
15. Sampah MES, Hackam DJ. Dysregulated mucosal immunity and associated pathogeneses in preterm neonates. Front Immunol. 2020. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Sampah+Hackam+dysregulated+mucosal+immunity+associated+pathogeneses+preterm+neonates
16. Lu P, Sodhi CP, Hackam DJ. Toll-like receptor regulation of intestinal development and inflammation in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. Pathophysiology. 2014. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Lu+Sodhi+Hackam+Toll-like+receptor+regulation+intestinal+development+inflammation+necrotizing+enterocolitis

[모델 항: B, C, alphaX 교차경쟁, fpH, 두 개의 안정 상태]

17. Warner BB, Deych E, Zhou Y, et al. Gut bacteria dysbiosis and necrotising enterocolitis in very low birthweight infants: a prospective case-control study. Lancet. 2016;387(10031):1928-1936. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Warner+gut+bacteria+dysbiosis+and+necrotising+enterocolitis+very+low+birthweight+prospective+case-control → NEC 이전에 Gammaproteobacteria(Enterobacteriaceae) 상대풍부도가 증가하고 편성 혐기균이 감소한다 — 모델의 B 우세 상태에 해당.
18. Pammi M, Cope J, Tarr PI, et al. Intestinal dysbiosis in preterm infants preceding necrotizing enterocolitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Microbiome. 2017. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Pammi+intestinal+dysbiosis+preterm+infants+preceding+necrotizing+enterocolitis+systematic+review+meta-analysis
19. Olm MR, Bhattacharya N, Crits-Christoph A, et al. Necrotizing enterocolitis is preceded by increased gut bacterial replication, Klebsiella, and fimbriae-encoding bacteria. Sci Adv. 2019. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Olm+necrotizing+enterocolitis+preceded+by+increased+gut+bacterial+replication+Klebsiella+fimbriae → 모델이 B의 증식률(muB)과 부하를 함께 다루는 이유.
20. Stewart CJ, Ajami NJ, O'Brien JL, et al. Temporal development of the gut microbiome in early childhood from the TEDDY study. Nature. 2018. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Stewart+temporal+development+of+the+gut+microbiome+in+early+childhood+TEDDY
21. Claud EC, Walker WA. Hypothesis: inappropriate colonization of the premature intestine can cause neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. FASEB J. 2001. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Claud+Walker+hypothesis+inappropriate+colonization+premature+intestine+neonatal+necrotizing+enterocolitis
22. Ward DV, Scholz M, Zolfo M, et al. Metagenomic sequencing with strain-level resolution implicates uropathogenic E. coli in necrotizing enterocolitis and mortality in preterm infants. Cell Rep. 2016. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ward+metagenomic+sequencing+strain-level+resolution+uropathogenic+coli+necrotizing+enterocolitis+preterm
23. Heida FH, van Zoonen AGJF, Hulscher JBF, et al. A necrotizing enterocolitis-associated gut microbiota is present in the meconium: results of a prospective study. Clin Infect Dis. 2016. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Heida+necrotizing+enterocolitis+associated+gut+microbiota+present+in+the+meconium+prospective
24. Berrington JE, Stewart CJ, Cummings SP, Embleton ND. The neonatal bowel microbiome in health and infection. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2014. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Berrington+neonatal+bowel+microbiome+in+health+and+infection

[모델 항: HMO → Ktlr(문턱), muCH·binfant(생태), eEGF(영양), SIGA]

25. Lucas A, Cole TJ. Breast milk and neonatal necrotising enterocolitis. Lancet. 1990;336(8730):1519-1523. (PMID 1979363) — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1979363/ → 모유의 보호효과를 정량화한 최초의 대규모 연구.
26. Meinzen-Derr J, Poindexter B, Wrage L, et al. Role of human milk intake and persistent organ failure on the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis or death. J Perinatol. 2009. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Meinzen-Derr+role+of+human+milk+intake+risk+of+necrotizing+enterocolitis+or+death
27. Quigley M, Embleton ND, McGuire W. Formula versus donor breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Quigley+Embleton+McGuire+formula+versus+donor+breast+milk+for+feeding+preterm+or+low+birth+weight+infants → 모델의 fDM 아암(저온살균으로 sIgA·EGF는 잃고 HMO는 보존)의 근거.
28. Cristofalo EA, Schanler RJ, Blanco CL, et al. Randomized trial of exclusive human milk versus preterm formula diets in extremely premature infants. J Pediatr. 2013. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Cristofalo+randomized+trial+of+exclusive+human+milk+versus+preterm+formula+diets+extremely+premature
29. Autran CA, Kellman BP, Kim JH, et al. Human milk oligosaccharide composition predicts risk of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants. Gut. 2018. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Autran+human+milk+oligosaccharide+composition+predicts+risk+of+necrotising+enterocolitis+preterm → 특정 HMO(DSLNT) 농도가 NEC 위험과 연관 — 모델에서 HMO가 문턱을 올리는 항(hHMO)으로 들어가는 근거.
30. Masi AC, Embleton ND, Lamb CA, et al. Human milk oligosaccharide DSLNT and gut microbiome in preterm infants predicts necrotising enterocolitis. Gut. 2021. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Masi+human+milk+oligosaccharide+DSLNT+and+gut+microbiome+preterm+infants+predicts+necrotising+enterocolitis → HMO와 미생물 군집이 함께 위험을 결정한다는 관찰 — 모델이 모유를 문턱-이동과 상태-이동 양쪽으로 넣은 이유.
31. Jantscher-Krenn E, Zherebtsov M, Nissan C, et al. The human milk oligosaccharide disialyllacto-N-tetraose prevents necrotising enterocolitis in neonatal rats. Gut. 2012. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Jantscher-Krenn+human+milk+oligosaccharide+disialyllacto-N-tetraose+prevents+necrotising+enterocolitis+neonatal+rats
32. Good M, Sodhi CP, Yamaguchi Y, et al. The human milk oligosaccharide 2'-fucosyllactose attenuates the severity of experimental necrotising enterocolitis by enhancing mesenteric perfusion in the neonatal intestine. Br J Nutr. 2016. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Good+human+milk+oligosaccharide+2-fucosyllactose+attenuates+severity+experimental+necrotising+enterocolitis+mesenteric+perfusion → 2′-FL이 장혈류를 통해서도 작용한다는 근거 — 모델의 PERF 경로와 연결.
33. Bode L. Human milk oligosaccharides: every baby needs a sugar mama. Glycobiology. 2012. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bode+human+milk+oligosaccharides+every+baby+needs+a+sugar+mama
34. Underwood MA, German JB, Lebrilla CB, Mills DA. Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis: champion colonizer of the infant gut. Pediatr Res. 2015. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Underwood+Bifidobacterium+longum+subspecies+infantis+champion+colonizer+of+the+infant+gut → 모델의 binfant 스위치(HMO를 실제로 대사할 수 있는 균주의 보유 여부)의 근거. HMO가 있어도 그것을 쓸 수 있는 균이 없으면 그냥 배설된다.
35. Nolan LS, Rimer JM, Good M. The role of human milk oligosaccharides and probiotics on the neonatal microbiome and risk of necrotizing enterocolitis. Nutrients. 2020. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Nolan+role+of+human+milk+oligosaccharides+and+probiotics+neonatal+microbiome+risk+of+necrotizing+enterocolitis
36. Watkins DJ, Besner GE. The role of the intestinal microcirculation in necrotizing enterocolitis. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2013. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Watkins+Besner+role+of+the+intestinal+microcirculation+in+necrotizing+enterocolitis
37. Feng J, El-Assal ON, Besner GE. Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) and necrotizing enterocolitis. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2005. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Feng+Besner+heparin-binding+EGF-like+growth+factor+HB-EGF+and+necrotizing+enterocolitis → 모델의 eEGF 항(모유 성장인자가 크립트 증식을 올린다).

[모델 항: P, prob_dose, EmxPamp/gen/mtz — 왜 항생제와 같이 주면 듣지 않는가]

38. Sharif S, Meader N, Oddie SJ, Rojas-Reyes MX, McGuire W. Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Sharif+probiotics+to+prevent+necrotising+enterocolitis+very+preterm+or+very+low+birth+weight+infants+Cochrane → 모델의 프로바이오틱스 아암 효과 크기 보정 목표.
39. Jacobs SE, Tobin JM, Opie GF, et al. Probiotic effects on late-onset sepsis in very preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial (ProPrems). Pediatrics. 2013. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Jacobs+probiotic+effects+on+late-onset+sepsis+in+very+preterm+infants+randomized+controlled+trial
40. Costeloe K, Hardy P, Juszczak E, Wilks M, Millar MR. Bifidobacterium breve BBG-001 in very preterm infants: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial (PiPS). Lancet. 2016. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Costeloe+Bifidobacterium+breve+BBG-001+in+very+preterm+infants+randomised+controlled+phase+3+trial → 음성 결과 — 모델에서 정착 실패(gP < kwash + killP)로 재현된다.
41. Dermyshi E, Wang Y, Yan C, et al. The 'golden age' of probiotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and observational studies in preterm infants. Neonatology. 2017. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Dermyshi+golden+age+of+probiotics+systematic+review+meta-analysis+randomized+observational+studies+preterm+infants
42. van den Akker CHP, van Goudoever JB, Shamir R, et al. Probiotics and preterm infants: a position paper by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition and the ESPGHAN Working Group for Probiotics and Prebiotics. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2020. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=van+den+Akker+probiotics+and+preterm+infants+position+paper+ESPGHAN+Committee+on+Nutrition

[모델 항: killB vs killC 비대칭, abx_days — 부호가 바뀌는 지점]

43. Cotten CM, Taylor S, Stoll B, et al. Prolonged duration of initial empirical antibiotic treatment is associated with increased rates of necrotizing enterocolitis and death for extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2009;123(1):58-66. (PMID 19117861) — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19117861/ → 모델의 부호 전환 결과가 재현하려는 관찰. 항생제는 B를 즉시 줄이지만 C를 잃는 대가는 지연되어 나타나므로 두 적분이 어딘가에서 교차한다.
44. Alexander VN, Northrup V, Bizzarro MJ. Antibiotic exposure in the newborn intensive care unit and the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr. 2011. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Alexander+antibiotic+exposure+in+the+newborn+intensive+care+unit+and+the+risk+of+necrotizing+enterocolitis
45. Greenwood C, Morrow AL, Lagomarcino AJ, et al. Early empiric antibiotic use in preterm infants is associated with lower bacterial diversity and higher relative abundance of Enterobacter. J Pediatr. 2014. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Greenwood+early+empiric+antibiotic+use+in+preterm+infants+lower+bacterial+diversity+higher+relative+abundance+Enterobacter → killC > killB 비대칭의 직접 근거.
46. Ting JY, Synnes A, Roberts A, et al. Association between antibiotic use and neonatal mortality and morbidities in very low-birth-weight infants without culture-proven sepsis or necrotizing enterocolitis. JAMA Pediatr. 2016. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ting+association+between+antibiotic+use+and+neonatal+mortality+and+morbidities+very+low-birth-weight+without+culture-proven+sepsis
47. Rao SC, Srinivasjois R, Moon K. One dose per day compared to multiple doses per day of gentamicin for treatment of suspected or proven sepsis in neonates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Rao+one+dose+per+day+compared+to+multiple+doses+per+day+of+gentamicin+neonates+Cochrane → 모델의 젠타마이신 q36h 요법 및 2구획 축적(GENP → KIN)의 근거.

[모델 항: feedrate, Ftroph, Sin, demand — 양쪽 부호를 가진 입력]

48. Dorling J, Abbott J, Berrington J, et al. Controlled trial of two incremental milk-feeding rates in preterm infants (SIFT). N Engl J Med. 2019;381(15):1434-1443. (PMID 31597020) — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31597020/ → 증량 속도(18 vs 30 mL/kg/d)가 NEC에 차이를 만들지 않았다는 대규모 결과. 모델은 이것을 성숙도가 높은 아이에서 기울기가 평평해지는 구간으로 재현한다.
49. Leaf A, Dorling J, Kempley S, et al. Early or delayed enteral feeding for preterm growth-restricted infants: a randomized trial (ADEPT). Pediatrics. 2012. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Leaf+early+or+delayed+enteral+feeding+for+preterm+growth-restricted+infants+randomized+trial
50. Oddie SJ, Young L, McGuire W. Slow advancement of enteral feed volumes to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Oddie+slow+advancement+of+enteral+feed+volumes+to+prevent+necrotising+enterocolitis+very+low+birth+weight
51. Morgan J, Young L, McGuire W. Delayed introduction of progressive enteral feeds to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Morgan+delayed+introduction+of+progressive+enteral+feeds+to+prevent+necrotising+enterocolitis
52. Berseth CL, Bisquera JA, Paje VU. Prolonging small feeding volumes early in life decreases the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2003. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Berseth+prolonging+small+feeding+volumes+early+in+life+decreases+incidence+of+necrotizing+enterocolitis → 모델이 실제로 재현하는 방향(느린 증량 = 낮은 NEC)의 근거.
53. Ellsbury DL, Ursprung R. Comprehensive Oxygen Management for the Prevention of Retinopathy of Prematurity (및 NICU 표준화 관련). — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ellsbury+Ursprung+comprehensive+oxygen+management+prevention+retinopathy+of+prematurity

[모델 항: PERF, demand, SDRcrit, PAF, PAFAH = dPAF0 + dPAFm·MAT]

54. Caplan MS, Sun XM, Hsueh W, Hageman JR. Role of platelet activating factor and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr. 1990. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Caplan+role+of+platelet+activating+factor+and+tumor+necrosis+factor+alpha+in+neonatal+necrotizing+enterocolitis → PAF 축의 원전. 모델에서 PAF는 혈류를 떨어뜨리는 유일한 내인성 항이다.
55. Caplan MS, Lickerman M, Adler L, et al. The role of recombinant platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase in a neonatal rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Res. 1997. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Caplan+role+of+recombinant+platelet-activating+factor+acetylhydrolase+neonatal+rat+model+necrotizing+enterocolitis → 미숙아의 PAF-AH 결핍과 그 보충 실험 — dPAF0(바닥값)과 dPAFm·MAT의 근거.
56. Yazji I, Sodhi CP, Robinson EK, et al. Endothelial TLR4 activation impairs intestinal microcirculatory perfusion in necrotizing enterocolitis via eNOS-NO-nitrite signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Yazji+endothelial+TLR4+activation+impairs+intestinal+microcirculatory+perfusion+necrotizing+enterocolitis+eNOS → TLR4 → 혈류 저하 경로. 모델에서 염증과 허혈이 하나의 INJ로 합산되는 구조적 근거.
57. Nowicki PT. Ischemia and necrotizing enterocolitis: where, when, and how. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2005. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Nowicki+ischemia+and+necrotizing+enterocolitis+where+when+and+how → 수유 후 산소 요구 증가와 자동조절 미숙 — 모델의 demand = 1 + aDEM·FEED/200 및 SDRcrit 예비능 개념의 근거.
58. Reber KM, Nankervis CA, Nowicki PT. Newborn intestinal circulation: physiology and pathophysiology. Clin Perinatol. 2002. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Reber+Nankervis+Nowicki+newborn+intestinal+circulation+physiology+and+pathophysiology
59. Ohlsson A, Walia R, Shah SS. Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight (or both) infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ohlsson+ibuprofen+for+the+treatment+of+patent+ductus+arteriosus+in+preterm+or+low+birth+weight+infants+Cochrane → 인도메타신 대비 이부프로펜의 장혈류 영향 차이 — 모델의 EC50IND vs EC50IBU.
60. Coombs RC, Morgan ME, Durbin GM, et al. Gut blood flow velocities in the newborn: effects of patent ductus arteriosus and parenteral indomethacin. Arch Dis Child. 1990. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Coombs+gut+blood+flow+velocities+in+the+newborn+effects+of+patent+ductus+arteriosus+and+parenteral+indomethacin

[모델 항: 침습 삽화(INS*DEP, INS*NFK) — 분수령을 넘기는 방아쇠]

61. Patel RM, Knezevic A, Shenvi N, et al. Association of red blood cell transfusion, anemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis in very low-birth-weight infants. JAMA. 2016;315(9):889-897. (PMID 26954412) — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26954412/ → 빈혈 자체가 위험이고 수혈은 그 위험을 즉각 바꾸지 않는다 — 모델에서 수혈 전 빈혈 구간과 수혈 구간을 서로 다른 두 boxcar로 넣은 근거.
62. Mohamed A, Shah PS. Transfusion associated necrotizing enterocolitis: a meta-analysis of observational data. Pediatrics. 2012. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Mohamed+Shah+transfusion+associated+necrotizing+enterocolitis+meta-analysis+of+observational+data
63. Marin T, Josephson CD, Kosmetatos N, et al. Feeding preterm infants during red blood cell transfusion is associated with a decline in postprandial mesenteric oxygenation. J Pediatr. 2014. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Marin+feeding+preterm+infants+during+red+blood+cell+transfusion+decline+in+postprandial+mesenteric+oxygenation → 수혈 중 수유가 장 산소 수급을 악화시킨다 — 모델의 demand × 침습 상호작용.
64. Kirpalani H, Bell EF, Hintz SR, et al. Higher or lower hemoglobin transfusion thresholds for preterm infants (TOP trial). N Engl J Med. 2020. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Kirpalani+higher+or+lower+hemoglobin+transfusion+thresholds+for+preterm+infants

[모델 항: TJ, MUC, BI, Pb = Pmin + (Pmax−Pmin)(1−BI)^hP]

65. Anderson JM, Van Itallie CM. Physiology and function of the tight junction. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2009. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Anderson+Van+Itallie+physiology+and+function+of+the+tight+junction
66. Bein A, Eventov-Friedman S, Arbell D, Schwartz B. Intestinal tight junctions are severely altered in NEC preterm neonates. Pediatr Neonatol. 2018. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bein+intestinal+tight+junctions+are+severely+altered+in+NEC+preterm+neonates
67. McElroy SJ, Prince LS, Weitkamp JH, et al. Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1-dependent depletion of mucus in immature small intestine: a potential role in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2011. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=McElroy+tumor+necrosis+factor+receptor+1+dependent+depletion+of+mucus+in+immature+small+intestine+necrotizing+enterocolitis
68. Halpern MD, Denning PW. The role of intestinal epithelial barrier function in the development of NEC. Tissue Barriers. 2015. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Halpern+Denning+role+of+intestinal+epithelial+barrier+function+in+the+development+of+NEC
69. Whitehouse JS, Riggle KM, Purpi DP, et al. The protective role of intestinal alkaline phosphatase in necrotizing enterocolitis. J Surg Res. 2010. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Whitehouse+protective+role+of+intestinal+alkaline+phosphatase+in+necrotizing+enterocolitis → 모델의 IAP 노드(LPS 탈인산화로 신호 문턱을 올리는 개입).
70. Underwood MA. Paneth cells and necrotizing enterocolitis. Gut Microbes. 2012. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Underwood+Paneth+cells+and+necrotizing+enterocolitis → DEF(디펜신) 항의 근거.

[모델 항: TNFA, IL1B, IL8, IL10, NEU(포화 되먹임), NOX]

71. Egan CE, Sodhi CP, Good M, et al. Toll-like receptor 4-mediated lymphocyte influx induces neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. J Clin Invest. 2016. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Egan+Toll-like+receptor+4+mediated+lymphocyte+influx+induces+neonatal+necrotizing+enterocolitis
72. Weitkamp JH, Koyama T, Rock MT, et al. Necrotising enterocolitis is characterised by disrupted immune regulation and diminished mucosal regulatory (FOXP3)/effector (CD4, CD8) T cell ratios. Gut. 2013. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Weitkamp+necrotising+enterocolitis+disrupted+immune+regulation+diminished+mucosal+regulatory+FOXP3+effector+T+cell+ratios
73. MohanKumar K, Namachivayam K, Song T, et al. A murine neonatal model of necrotizing enterocolitis caused by anemia and red blood cell transfusions. Nat Commun. 2019. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=MohanKumar+murine+neonatal+model+of+necrotizing+enterocolitis+caused+by+anemia+and+red+blood+cell+transfusions
74. Emami CN, Chokshi N, Wang J, et al. Role of interleukin-10 in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Surg. 2012. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Emami+role+of+interleukin-10+in+the+pathogenesis+of+necrotizing+enterocolitis → kIL10·MAT — 미숙할수록 IL-10 대항조절이 약하다는 항의 근거.
75. Chan KL, Ho JC, Chan KW, Tam PK. A study of gut immunity to enteral endotoxin in rats of different ages. Pediatr Surg Int. 2002. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Chan+study+of+gut+immunity+to+enteral+endotoxin+in+rats+of+different+ages
76. Ford H, Watkins S, Reblock K, Rowe M. The role of inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg. 1997. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ford+role+of+inflammatory+cytokines+and+nitric+oxide+in+the+pathogenesis+of+necrotizing+enterocolitis → wNO·NOX 항(질산화 손상)의 근거.

[모델 항: CRP, PLT, LAC, PNEU, I-FABP · calprotectin 판독 노드]

77. Thuijls G, Derikx JPM, van Wijck K, et al. Non-invasive markers for early diagnosis and determination of the severity of necrotizing enterocolitis. Ann Surg. 2010. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Thuijls+non-invasive+markers+for+early+diagnosis+and+determination+of+the+severity+of+necrotizing+enterocolitis
78. Ng PC, Ma TP, Lam HS. The use of laboratory biomarkers for surveillance, diagnosis and prediction of clinical outcomes in neonatal sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2015. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ng+use+of+laboratory+biomarkers+for+surveillance+diagnosis+prediction+clinical+outcomes+neonatal+sepsis+necrotising+enterocolitis
79. Ragazzi S, Pierro A, Peters M, et al. Early full blood count and severity of disease in neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Surg Int. 2003. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ragazzi+early+full+blood+count+and+severity+of+disease+in+neonates+with+necrotizing+enterocolitis → 혈소판 감소와 중증도의 관계 — 모델의 Bell III 판정에 PLT < 100이 들어간 근거.
80. Christensen RD, Yoder BA, Baer VL, et al. Early-onset neutropenia in small-for-gestational-age infants (및 NEC 혈액학적 소견 관련 연구들). — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Christensen+thrombocytopenia+necrotizing+enterocolitis+neonate
81. Sylvester KG, Ling XB, Liu GY, et al. Urine protein biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of necrotizing enterocolitis in infants. J Pediatr. 2014. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Sylvester+urine+protein+biomarkers+for+the+diagnosis+and+prognosis+of+necrotizing+enterocolitis+in+infants

[모델 항: NECrev, NECa_crit = INJth/wNEC, 협착 · 단장증후군 · NDI]

82. Moss RL, Dimmitt RA, Barnhart DC, et al. Laparotomy versus peritoneal drainage for necrotizing enterocolitis and perforation. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(21):2225-2234. (PMID 16707747) — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16707747/
83. Blakely ML, Tyson JE, Lally KP, et al. Initial laparotomy versus peritoneal drainage in extremely low birthweight infants with surgical necrotizing enterocolitis or isolated intestinal perforation (NEST). Ann Surg. 2021. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Blakely+initial+laparotomy+versus+peritoneal+drainage+extremely+low+birthweight+surgical+necrotizing+enterocolitis+isolated+intestinal+perforation
84. Rees CM, Eaton S, Kiely EM, et al. Peritoneal drainage or laparotomy for neonatal bowel perforation? A randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2008. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Rees+peritoneal+drainage+or+laparotomy+for+neonatal+bowel+perforation+randomized+controlled+trial
85. Hull MA, Fisher JG, Gutierrez IM, et al. Mortality and management of surgical necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight neonates: a prospective cohort study. J Am Coll Surg. 2014. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Hull+mortality+and+management+of+surgical+necrotizing+enterocolitis+very+low+birth+weight+neonates+prospective+cohort
86. Hintz SR, Kendrick DE, Stoll BJ, et al. Neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants after necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatrics. 2005. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Hintz+neurodevelopmental+and+growth+outcomes+of+extremely+low+birth+weight+infants+after+necrotizing+enterocolitis → 모델의 NIN → NDI 판독 경로의 근거.
87. Fredriksson F, Engstrand Lilja H. Survival rates for surgically treated necrotising enterocolitis have improved over the last four decades. Acta Paediatr. 2019. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Fredriksson+Engstrand+Lilja+survival+rates+for+surgically+treated+necrotising+enterocolitis+improved+over+the+last+four+decades
88. Niemarkt HJ, De Meij TG, van Ganzewinkel CJ, et al. Necrotizing enterocolitis, gut microbiota, and brain development: role of the brain-gut axis. Neonatology. 2019. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Niemarkt+necrotizing+enterocolitis+gut+microbiota+and+brain+development+role+of+the+brain-gut+axis
89. Robinson JR, Rellinger EJ, Hatch LD, et al. Surgical necrotizing enterocolitis. Semin Perinatol. 2017. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Robinson+surgical+necrotizing+enterocolitis+Semin+Perinatol
90. Zani A, Pierro A. Necrotizing enterocolitis: controversies and challenges. F1000Res. 2015. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zani+Pierro+necrotizing+enterocolitis+controversies+and+challenges

[모델 항: CL·(PMA/40)^1.3, 각 약물의 V·CL, GENP 축적 → KIN]

91. Anderson BJ, Holford NHG. Mechanism-based concepts of size and maturity in pharmacokinetics. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2008. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Anderson+Holford+mechanism-based+concepts+of+size+and+maturity+in+pharmacokinetics → 모델이 청소율을 PMA로 스케일한 방식(성숙 함수)의 근거.
92. Tremoulet A, Le J, Poindexter B, et al. Characterization of ampicillin pharmacokinetics in neonates using a population approach. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Tremoulet+characterization+of+ampicillin+pharmacokinetics+in+neonates+using+a+population+approach
93. Fuchs A, Guidi M, Giannoni E, et al. Population pharmacokinetic study of gentamicin in a large cohort of premature and term neonates. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2014. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Fuchs+population+pharmacokinetic+study+of+gentamicin+in+a+large+cohort+of+premature+and+term+neonates
94. Suyagh M, Collier PS, Millership JS, et al. Metronidazole population pharmacokinetics in preterm neonates using dried blood-spot sampling. Pediatrics. 2011. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Suyagh+metronidazole+population+pharmacokinetics+in+preterm+neonates+dried+blood-spot+sampling
95. Smyth JM, Collier PS, Darwish M, et al. Intravenous indometacin in preterm infants with symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus: a population pharmacokinetic study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Smyth+intravenous+indometacin+in+preterm+infants+with+symptomatic+patent+ductus+arteriosus+population+pharmacokinetic
96. Hirt D, Van Overmeire B, Treluyer JM, et al. An optimized ibuprofen dosing scheme for preterm neonates with patent ductus arteriosus, based on a population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Hirt+optimized+ibuprofen+dosing+scheme+for+preterm+neonates+with+patent+ductus+arteriosus+population+pharmacokinetic

[모델 항: g(E)의 근 개수, 안장-결절 분기 B_lo/B_hi, 분수령 E*의 로그 전이시간]

97. Strogatz SH. Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos. Westview Press. — 안장-결절 분기와 히스테리시스의 표준 교과서적 서술. (도서 — PubMed 항목 없음)
98. Scheffer M, Bascompte J, Brock WA, et al. Early-warning signals for critical transitions. Nature. 2009. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Scheffer+early-warning+signals+for+critical+transitions → 임계 전이 직전에 회복 속도가 느려진다(critical slowing down)는 결과. 모델의 E* 근처 고유값 λ ≈ 0.35/d 및 로그 전이시간과 직접 대응한다.
99. Angeli D, Ferrell JE, Sontag ED. Detection of multistability, bifurcations, and hysteresis in a large class of biological positive-feedback systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Angeli+Ferrell+Sontag+detection+of+multistability+bifurcations+and+hysteresis+biological+positive-feedback+systems
100. Baker RE, Peña JM, Jayamohan J, Jérusalem A. Mechanistic models versus machine learning, a fight worth fighting for the biological community? Biol Lett. 2018. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Baker+mechanistic+models+versus+machine+learning+a+fight+worth+fighting+for+the+biological+community
101. Elmokadem A, Riggs M, Baron K. Quantitative systems pharmacology and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling with mrgsolve: a hands-on tutorial. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol. 2019. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Elmokadem+quantitative+systems+pharmacology+and+physiologically-based+pharmacokinetic+modeling+with+mrgsolve+hands-on+tutorial → 이 저장소의 mrgsolve 구현 관례.

102. Frost BL, Modi BP, Jaksic T, Caplan MS. New medical and surgical insights into neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. JAMA Pediatr. 2017. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Frost+new+medical+and+surgical+insights+into+neonatal+necrotizing+enterocolitis
103. Neu J. Necrotizing enterocolitis: the future. Neonatology. 2020. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Neu+necrotizing+enterocolitis+the+future+Neonatology
104. Bazacliu C, Neu J. Necrotizing enterocolitis: long term complications. Curr Pediatr Rev. 2019. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bazacliu+Neu+necrotizing+enterocolitis+long+term+complications
105. Denning NL, Prince JM. Neonatal intestinal dysbiosis in necrotizing enterocolitis. Mol Med. 2018. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Denning+Prince+neonatal+intestinal+dysbiosis+in+necrotizing+enterocolitis
106. Tanner SM, Berryhill TF, Ellenburg JL, et al. Pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis: modeling the innate immune response. Am J Pathol. 2015. — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Tanner+pathogenesis+of+necrotizing+enterocolitis+modeling+the+innate+immune+response

정직하게 적자면, 아래는 위 문헌에서 나온 것이 아니라 모델의 구조에서 나온 것 입니다. 반증 가능하도록 명시합니다.

1. 모유의 보호효과는 HMO를 대사할 수 있는 균주(binfant)의 보유 여부에 따라 갈린다. HMO 농도만 재는 연구는 효과를 희석해서 볼 것이다 (참고 #29, #30, #34 가 이 방향을 시사하지만 상호작용을 직접 검정한 연구는 아직 없다).
2. 경험적 항생제의 해악은 모유 수유아에서만 관측 가능해야 한다. 잃을 상재균이 없는 완전 분유 수유아에서는 항생제가 오히려 보호적으로 보일 수 있다 (참고 #43 의 코호트를 수유 형태로 층화하면 검정 가능).
3. 회복 불가점은 병변 크기의 함수이며 시간의 함수가 아니다. 모델에서 NECa_crit = INJth/wNEC 이고, 진단-치료 지연(dx_lag)이 이 문턱을 넘기느냐가 내과적 NEC와 수술적 NEC를 가른다.
4. Bell II에서 울리는 표지자는 원리적으로 시간을 거의 벌어주지 못한다. 분수령 근처의 전이시간이 로그 의존이므로, 앞서 움직이는 것은 상태변수(E, Jtr)이고 임상 표지자는 이미 스위치가 넘어간 뒤에 움직인다.

면책 (Disclaimer). 본 문헌 목록과 모델은 교육 및 연구 목적입니다. 파라미터는 공개 문헌의 집계 지표에 맞춰 손으로 보정되었으며 개별 환자 데이터에 적합된 것이 아닙니다. 임상 의사결정·처방·규제 제출에 사용해서는 안 됩니다.