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항암화학요법 유발 구역·구토 (CINV) — 참고문헌

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting · QSP model references

모든 PMID는 NCBI E-utilities (esearch + esummary)로 실제 조회하여 검증했습니다. 서지사항(저자·연도·저널·제목)은 PubMed 레코드에서 그대로 가져온 것입니다. 검증 스크립트가 반환하지 않은 인용은 이 목록에 넣지 않았습니다.

표기 규칙. ★ = 모델 보정(calibration)에 직접 사용된 앵커. ⚑ = 모델의 가정을 반박하거나 제한하는 문헌 (일부러 포함시켰습니다). ⊕ = 모델의 held-out 예측을 검증하는 데 사용한 문헌.


1. 보정 앵커 (Calibration anchors) — 이 9개 숫자만 적합에 사용

이 모델의 구토(emesis) 앵커는 단 하나의 무작위배정 시험에서 가져왔습니다. 편의에 따라 여러 코호트에서 숫자를 골라 조립하지 않기 위한 의도적 제약입니다.

  1. ★ Hesketh PJ, et al. The oral neurokinin-1 antagonist aprepitant for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a multinational, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients receiving high-dose cisplatin. J Clin Oncol 2003. — PMID 14559886 두 군 × 세 구간 = 6개 앵커 (CR 급성/지연/전체: 대조군 78.1 / 55.8 / 52.3%, 아프레피탄트군 89.2 / 75.4 / 72.7%).
  2. ★ Navari RM, et al. Olanzapine for Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting. N Engl J Med 2016. — PMID 27705262 대조군만 사용 (구역 없음 0–120 h = 22%)하여 구역 척도를 고정. 올란자핀군(37%)은 held-out.
  3. ★ Cubeddu LX. Serotonin mechanisms in chemotherapy-induced emesis in cancer patients. Oncology 1996. — PMID 8692546 미치료 시스플라틴의 자연경과(24시간 구토 횟수 규모)에 대한 근거.

2. Held-out 검증에 사용한 임상시험 (적합에 사용하지 않음)

  1. ⊕ Poli-Bigelli S, et al. Addition of the neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist aprepitant to standard antiemetic therapy improves control of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Cancer 2003. — PMID 12784346
  2. ⊕ Warr DG, et al. The oral NK(1) antagonist aprepitant for the prevention of acute and delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Eur J Cancer 2005. — PMID 15939263
  3. ⊕ Herrstedt J, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of aprepitant for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and emesis over multiple cycles of moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. Cancer 2005. — PMID 16104039
  4. ⊕ Gralla R, et al. Palonosetron improves prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting following moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. Ann Oncol 2003. — PMID 14504060
  5. ⊕ Hesketh PJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of NEPA, an oral combination of netupitant and palonosetron, for prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting following highly emetogenic chemotherapy. Ann Oncol 2014. — PMID 24608196
  6. ⊕ Rapoport BL, et al. Safety and efficacy of rolapitant for prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting after administration of cisplatin-based highly emetogenic chemotherapy. Lancet Oncol 2015. — PMID 26272769
  7. ⊕ Schwartzberg LS, et al. Safety and efficacy of rolapitant for prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting after administration of moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. Lancet Oncol 2015. — PMID 26272768
  8. ⊕ Hashimoto H, et al. Olanzapine 5 mg plus standard antiemetic therapy for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (J-FORCE): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2020. — PMID 31838011
  9. Hashimoto H, et al. Study protocol for J-SUPPORT 1604 (J-FORCE). Jpn J Clin Oncol 2018. — PMID 30124989
  10. ⊕ Zhao Y, et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial of olanzapine plus triple antiemetic therapy. EClinicalMedicine 2023. — PMID 36712888
  11. ⊕ Boccia R, et al. Randomized phase III trial of APF530 versus palonosetron in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. BMC Cancer 2016. — PMID 26921245
  12. ⊕ Schnadig ID, et al. APF530 versus ondansetron, each in a guideline-recommended three-drug regimen. Cancer Manag Res 2017. — PMID 28579832
  13. ⊕ Weinstein C, et al. Single-dose fosaprepitant for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. BMC Cancer 2020. — PMID 32988373
  14. ⊕ Yahata H, et al. Efficacy of aprepitant for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting with a moderately emetogenic chemotherapy regimen. Int J Clin Oncol 2016. — PMID 26662632
  15. Longo F, et al. Combination of aprepitant, palonosetron and dexamethasone as antiemetic prophylaxis in lung cancer patients receiving multiple cycles of cisplatin. Int J Clin Pract 2012. — PMID 22805267
  16. Kubota K, et al. Control of nausea with palonosetron versus granisetron, both combined with dexamethasone. Support Care Cancer 2016. — PMID 27129842
  17. Chow R, et al. Efficacy of the combination neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, palonosetron, and dexamethasone. Ann Palliat Med 2018. — PMID 29764184
  18. Iimura Y, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III study evaluating the preventive effect. Int J Clin Oncol 2025. — PMID 40369354
  19. Zhang M, et al. Efficacy and safety of Aprepitant-containing triple therapy for the prevention and treatment of CINV. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023. — PMID 38013306
  20. Ünlü B, et al. Aprepitant and Fosaprepitant for Preventing Nausea and Vomiting in Patients Receiving Highly Emetogenic Chemotherapy. Curr Oncol 2026. — PMID 42505183

3. 메타분석 · 계통적 문헌고찰

  1. Piechotta V, et al. Antiemetics for adults for prevention of nausea and vomiting caused by moderately or highly emetogenic chemotherapy: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021. — PMID 34784425
  2. Sutherland A, et al. Olanzapine for the prevention and treatment of cancer-related nausea and vomiting in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018. — PMID 30246876
  3. Smith LA, et al. Cannabinoids for nausea and vomiting in adults with cancer receiving chemotherapy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015. — PMID 26561338
  4. Di Maio M, et al. Efficacy of neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018. — PMID 29548482
  5. Tricco AC, et al. Comparative safety and effectiveness of serotonin receptor antagonists in patients undergoing chemotherapy. BMC Med 2016. — PMID 28007031
  6. ⊕ Chow R, et al. Olanzapine (10 mg vs 5 mg vs 2.5 mg) for the prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Support Care Cancer 2026. — PMID 42461312
  7. Chow R, et al. Multi-day vs single-day dexamethasone for the prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Support Care Cancer 2024. — PMID 39432169
  8. Nimmons D, et al. Clinical effectiveness of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for the management of nausea. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024. — PMID 38097097
  9. Ezzo J, et al. Acupuncture-point stimulation for chemotherapy-induced nausea or vomiting. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014 (withdrawn). — PMID 25412832

4. 급성기 기전 — 장내 엔테로크로마핀 세포와 세로토닌 (모델의 ACUTE 항)

  1. ★ Cubeddu LX. Serotonin mechanisms in chemotherapy-induced emesis in cancer patients. Oncology 1996. — PMID 8692546
  2. ⊕ Higa GM, et al. 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid and substance P profiles in patients receiving emetogenic chemotherapy. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2006. — PMID 17156592 이 모델의 급성(5-HIAA burst)/지연(substance P ramp) 시간 분리를 검증하는 데 쓴 핵심 문헌.
  3. Castejon AM, et al. Use of intravenous microdialysis to monitor changes in serotonin release and metabolism induced by cisplatin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999. — PMID 10565811
  4. Nemani MR, et al. The mucosal-neural axis in chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal toxicity. Oncol Rev 2026. — PMID 42199990
  5. Andrews PL, Sanger GJ. Signals for nausea and emesis: Implications for models of upper gastrointestinal diseases. Auton Neurosci 2006. — PMID 16556512
  6. Ullah I, et al. Phytotherapeutic Approach in the Management of Cisplatin Induced Vomiting; Neurochemical Considerations. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2022. — PMID 36148411
  7. Yuan W, et al. Prevention of cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting by seabuckthorn. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2021. — PMID 33953865

5. 5-HT3 수용체 — 구조, 결합동역학, 내재화

  1. Ye ZJ, et al. The serotonin-gated 5-HT3 receptor: a tale of functions and structures of a prototypical pentameric ligand-gated ion channel. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2026. — PMID 41813973
  2. Hope AG, et al. Characterization of a human 5-hydroxytryptamine3 receptor type A subunit stably expressed in a cell line. Br J Pharmacol 1996. — PMID 8818349
  3. Rojas C, et al. Palonosetron exhibits unique molecular interactions with the 5-HT3 receptor. Anesth Analg 2008. — PMID 18633025 팔로노세트론의 알로스테릭 결합 — 모델에서 느린 KOFFP와 KINT(수용체 내재화)의 근거.
  4. Rojas C, et al. The antiemetic 5-HT3 receptor antagonist Palonosetron inhibits substance P-mediated responses in vitro and in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010. — PMID 20724484 모델의 XTALK 항(팔로노세트론의 부분적 지연기 커버)의 근거.
  5. Rojas C, Slusher BS. Pharmacological mechanisms of 5-HT₃ and tachykinin NK₁ receptor antagonism to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Eur J Pharmacol 2012. — PMID 22425650
  6. Panuganti VK, et al. A novel Ondansetron extended release injectable suspension (OERIS). Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2025. — PMID 41284044

6. 지연기 기전 — Substance P / NK1 (모델의 DELAYED 항)

  1. Hesketh PJ, et al. Differential time course of action of 5-HT3 and NK1 receptor antagonists when used with highly emetogenic chemotherapy. Support Care Cancer 2011. — PMID 20623144 이 모델의 조직 원리 #2와 독립적으로 동일한 결론에 도달한 임상 관찰.
  2. Andrews PLR, Sanger GJ. An assessment of the effects of neurokinin(1) receptor antagonism against nausea and vomiting. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2023. — PMID 37452618
  3. Minami M, et al. Antiemetic effects of sendide, a peptide tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist, in the ferret. Eur J Pharmacol 1998. — PMID 9877081
  4. Andrews PL, Bhandari P. The anti-emetic action of the neurokinin(1) receptor antagonist CP-99,994 does not require the presence of the area postrema. Neurosci Lett 2001. — PMID 11698156
  5. Ariumi H, et al. The role of tachykinin NK-1 receptors in the area postrema of ferrets in emesis. Neurosci Lett 2000. — PMID 10825652
  6. Rudd JA, et al. Profile of Antiemetic Activity of Netupitant Alone or in Combination with Palonosetron and Dexamethasone in Ferrets and Suncus murinus. Front Pharmacol 2016. — PMID 27630563
  7. Hargreaves R, et al. Development of aprepitant, the first neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011. — PMID 21434941
  8. Di Fabio R, et al. Discovery and biological characterization of a potent NK1 receptor antagonist. J Med Chem 2011. — PMID 21229983
  9. Ruzza C, et al. In vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterization of Pronetupitant, a prodrug of the neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist netupitant. Peptides 2015. — PMID 25843024
  10. Walter T, et al. Broadening the View: Substance P and Its Metabolism in Pruritus-Related Diseases. J Dermatol 2026. — PMID 42244108
  11. Wu Z, et al. The role of neprilysin in musculoskeletal diseases. Tissue Cell 2026. — PMID 41529369
  12. Li WW, et al. Neuropeptide regulation of adaptive immunity. J Neuroinflammation 2018. — PMID 29642930

7. NK1 수용체 점유율 (held-out 검증)

  1. ⊕ Bergström M, et al. Human positron emission tomography studies of brain neurokinin 1 receptor occupancy by aprepitant. Biol Psychiatry 2004. — PMID 15121485 모델이 예측한 24시간 지속 NK1 점유율의 held-out 검증에 사용.
  2. Hart XM, et al. Update Lessons from Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Part I. Ther Drug Monit 2024. — PMID 38018857

8. 중추 회로 — 최후영역(area postrema), NTS, 섬피질

  1. Borison HL. Area postrema: chemoreceptor circumventricular organ of the medulla oblongata. Prog Neurobiol 1989. — PMID 2660187 혈액뇌장벽이 없는 최후영역 — 모델의 WAP(수용체와 무관한 항)의 해부학적 근거.
  2. Miller AD, Leslie RA. The area postrema and vomiting. Front Neuroendocrinol 1994. — PMID 7895890
  3. Hornby PJ. Central neurocircuitry associated with emesis. Am J Med 2001. — PMID 11749934
  4. Sanger GJ, Andrews PL. Treatment of nausea and vomiting: gaps in our knowledge. Auton Neurosci 2006. — PMID 16934536
  5. Parvizi J, et al. Functional Architecture of the Human Insula Revealed by Causal Intracranial Mapping. Res Sq 2026. — PMID 41836516
  6. Hagiwara K, et al. Insular lobe epilepsy. Part 1: semiology. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2024. — PMID 39069491
  7. Bolender A, et al. Altered parasympathetic outflow and central sensitization response to continuous pain in cyclic vomiting. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2025. — PMID 39545877
  8. Belkacemi L, Darmani NA. Evidence for Bell-Shaped Dose-Response Emetic Effects of Temsirolimus and Analogs. Front Pharmacol 2022. — PMID 35444553

9. 위 운동성 · 서파 · 바소프레신 (구역 축의 주변부 항)

  1. van Helden DF, et al. Mechanisms underlying gastric antral slow waves — a human perspective. J Physiol 2026. — PMID 42285761
  2. Bashashati M, et al. Gastric electrophysiology. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2026. — PMID 42018791
  3. Feinle C, et al. Relationship between increasing duodenal lipid doses, gastric perception, and plasma hormone levels. Am J Physiol 2000. — PMID 10801290
  4. Wellington J, et al. Effect of endoscopic pyloric therapies for patients with nausea and vomiting and functional obstructive gastroparesis. Auton Neurosci 2017. — PMID 27460691
  5. Shakil A, et al. Gastrointestinal complications of diabetes. Am Fam Physician 2008. — PMID 18619079

10. 예기성 구역 — 연합학습 (모델의 ANTIC 항)

  1. Kamen C, et al. Anticipatory nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2014. — PMID 24157982
  2. Akechi T, et al. Anticipatory nausea among ambulatory cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: prevalence, associated factors, and impact on quality of life. Cancer Sci 2010. — PMID 20946120
  3. Rivi V, et al. A translational and multidisciplinary approach to studying the Garcia effect, a higher form of learning. J Exp Biol 2024. — PMID 38639079
  4. Peng TR, et al. Revisiting the Role of Lorazepam as an Adjunct in the Management of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting. Biomedicines 2026. — PMID 42072465

11. 코르티코스테로이드 — 유전체(genomic) 작용의 느린 시간상수

  1. Lyu D, et al. Glucocorticoid signaling mitigates visceral hypersensitivity by suppressing inflammatory signalling. Int Immunopharmacol 2026. — PMID 41554225
  2. Agar M, et al. Validating self-report and proxy reports of the Dexamethasone Symptom Questionnaire. Support Care Cancer 2016. — PMID 26294320
  3. Watanabe D, et al. One-Day Versus Three-Day Dexamethasone with NK1RA for Patients Receiving Carboplatin and Moderately Emetogenic Chemotherapy. Oncologist 2022. — PMID 35427418
  4. Celio L, et al. Dexamethasone-sparing regimens with NEPA for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. J Geriatr Oncol 2023. — PMID 37290207
  5. Lee J, et al. Reduced-dose dexamethasone premedication for weekly paclitaxel. Support Care Cancer 2026. — PMID 42371187
  6. Johnson TN, et al. Bioavailability of Oral Hydrocortisone Corrected for Binding Proteins. J Bioequivalence Bioavailab 2018. — PMID 29795974

12. 약물상호작용 (CYP3A4 / CYP2D6) — 덱사메타손 용량 보정의 근거

  1. ★⊕ McCrea JB, et al. Effects of the neurokinin1 receptor antagonist aprepitant on the pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone and methylprednisolone. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003. — PMID 12844131
  2. ⊕ Natale JJ, et al. Drug-drug interaction profile of components of a fixed combination of netupitant and palonosetron. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2016. — PMID 25998320
  3. Marbury TC, et al. Pharmacokinetics of oral dexamethasone and midazolam when administered with single-dose intravenous fosaprepitant. J Clin Pharmacol 2011. — PMID 21209230
  4. ⚑ Nijstad AL, et al. Overestimation of the effect of (fos)aprepitant on intravenous dexamethasone pharmacokinetics. Support Care Cancer 2022. — PMID 36287279 이 문헌은 모델이 앵커로 쓴 2.2배 AUC 증가가 과대추정일 수 있음을 지적합니다. README의 "보고된 실패" 절에서 이 반박을 명시적으로 다룹니다.
  5. ⊕ Wang J, et al. Effects of rolapitant administered orally on the pharmacokinetics of dextromethorphan (CYP2D6), tolbutamide (CYP2C9), and efavirenz. Support Care Cancer 2019. — PMID 30084103 롤라피탄트가 CYP2D6만 억제하고 CYP3A4는 건드리지 않는다는 "계열 분화"의 근거.
  6. Rapoport BL. Differential pharmacology and clinical utility of rolapitant in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Cancer Manag Res 2017. — PMID 28260945
  7. Deb S, et al. Simulation of drug-drug interactions between breast cancer chemotherapeutic agents and antiemetics. Daru 2023. — PMID 37223851
  8. Imbs DC, et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction between pazopanib and cisplatin regimen. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2016. — PMID 26779916
  9. Shahzad I, et al. Development and Evaluation of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Models. Pharmaceuticals 2026. — PMID 42515786

13. 항구토제 약동학 (모델 PK 파라미터의 출처)

  1. Jann MW, et al. Relative bioavailability of ondansetron 8-mg oral tablets versus extemporaneous suppositories. Pharmacotherapy 1998. — PMID 9545148
  2. Zhang ZY, et al. Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of the antiemetic rolapitant, a selective neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist. Invest New Drugs 2019. — PMID 30032410
  3. Kurteva G, et al. Pharmacokinetic profile and safety of intravenous NEPA, a fixed combination of fosnetupitant and palonosetron. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019. — PMID 31404621
  4. Gasanin E, et al. Bioequivalence of netupitant and palonosetron (NEPA) oral suspension and hard capsules. Support Care Cancer 2026. — PMID 41627515
  5. Callaghan JT, et al. Olanzapine. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile. Clin Pharmacokinet 1999. — PMID 10511917
  6. Atanasovska E, et al. Comparative, Single-Dose, 2-Way Cross-Over Bioavailability Study of Two Olanzapine 10 mg Tablets. Pril (Makedon Akad Nauk) 2022. — PMID 35843923
  7. Cherniakov I, et al. Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Subcutaneous Extended-Release Injectable Olanzapine. Clin Drug Investig 2026. — PMID 41632432
  8. Greenblatt DJ, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of anxiolytics and hypnotics in the elderly. Clin Pharmacokinet 1991. — PMID 1684924
  9. Ghiasi N, et al. Lorazepam. StatPearls. — PMID 30422485
  10. Jang JH, et al. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of granisetron for optimizing antiemetic therapy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2026. — PMID 42159758
  11. Li Q, et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and population pharmacokinetic profiles of Ritanine® in Chinese subjects. Front Pharmacol 2026. — PMID 42305433
  12. Eiseman JL, et al. Plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue and brain distribution of cisplatin in musk shrews. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015. — PMID 25398697
  13. Tao J, et al. Systematic Identification of Proteins Binding with Cisplatin in Blood. J Proteome Res 2021. — PMID 34427088

14. 수용체 결합 프로파일 (올란자핀의 다중 수용체 작용)

  1. Bymaster FP, et al. In vitro and in vivo biochemistry of olanzapine: a novel, atypical antipsychotic drug. J Clin Psychiatry 1997. — PMID 9265914 모델의 KI_OLA_D2 / _2A / _H1 / _M1 네 개 상수의 출처.
  2. Mamo D, et al. A PET study of dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2 receptor occupancy in patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2004. — PMID 15121646
  3. Sun Y, et al. The Cannabinoid CB(1) Receptor Inverse Agonist/Antagonist SR141716A Activates the Adenylate Cyclase pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2025. — PMID 41155180

15. 약물유전체학

  1. Moore C, et al. Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2D6 Genotype and Use of Ondansetron and Tropisetron. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2026. — PMID 41979467
  2. Moore C, et al. CYP2D6 genotype and associated 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Transl Sci 2025. — PMID 39899439
  3. Perwitasari DA, et al. Association of ABCB1, 5-HT3B receptor and CYP2D6 genetic polymorphisms with ondansetron and metoclopramide antiemetic response. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2011. — PMID 21840870
  4. Farhat K, et al. Association of anti-emetic efficacy of Ondansetron with 18792A>G polymorphism in a drug target gene. J Pak Med Assoc 2018. — PMID 29885172
  5. Jin Y, et al. A randomized trial evaluating the association between related gene polymorphism and nausea and vomiting. BMC Med Genomics 2023. — PMID 37924126

16. 위험인자 · 예측모형 (모델에서는 출력이지 규칙이 아님)

  1. Dranitsaris G, et al. The development of a prediction tool to identify cancer patients at high risk for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Ann Oncol 2017. — PMID 28398530
  2. Warr DG, et al. Evaluation of risk factors predictive of nausea and vomiting with current standard-of-care antiemetic treatment. Support Care Cancer 2011. — PMID 20461438
  3. Bouganim N, et al. Prospective validation of risk prediction indexes for acute and delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Curr Oncol 2012. — PMID 23300365
  4. Zhao Y, et al. Validation of different personalized risk models of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Cancer Commun 2023. — PMID 36545810

17. 구토유발성 분류와 진료지침

  1. Grunberg SM, et al. Evaluation of new antiemetic agents and definition of antineoplastic agent emetogenicity — an update. Support Care Cancer 2005. — PMID 15599601
  2. Grunberg SM, et al. Evaluation of new antiemetic agents and definition of antineoplastic agent emetogenicity — state of the art. Support Care Cancer 2011. — PMID 20972805
  3. Kris MG, et al. Consensus proposals for the prevention of acute and delayed vomiting and nausea following high-emetic-risk chemotherapy. Support Care Cancer 2005. — PMID 15565277
  4. Herrstedt J, et al. 2016 Updated MASCC/ESMO Consensus Recommendations: Prevention of Nausea and Vomiting Following High Emetic Risk Chemotherapy. Support Care Cancer 2017. — PMID 27443154
  5. Einhorn LH, et al. 2016 updated MASCC/ESMO consensus recommendations: prevention of nausea and vomiting following multiple-day chemotherapy. Support Care Cancer 2017. — PMID 27815710
  6. Hesketh PJ, et al. Antiemetics: ASCO Guideline Update. J Clin Oncol 2020. — PMID 32658626
  7. Ruhlmann CH, et al. 2016 updated MASCC/ESMO consensus recommendations: prevention of radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Support Care Cancer 2017. — PMID 27624464
  8. Feyer PC, et al. Radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (RINV): MASCC/ESMO guideline. Support Care Cancer 2011. — PMID 20697746
  9. McKenzie E, et al. Radiation-induced nausea and vomiting: a comparison between MASCC/ESMO, ASCO, and NCCN antiemetic guidelines. Support Care Cancer 2019. — PMID 30607675
  10. Gan TJ, et al. Fourth Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting. Anesth Analg 2020. — PMID 32467512
  11. Navari RM, Aapro M. Antiemetic Prophylaxis for Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting. N Engl J Med 2016. — PMID 27050207
  12. Navari RM. Management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: focus on newer agents and new uses for older agents. Drugs 2013. — PMID 23404093
  13. Grunberg S. Patient-centered management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Cancer Control 2012. — PMID 22488023
  14. Ryan MF, et al. Moving beyond promethazine: Advancing precision in antiemetic therapy. SAGE Open Med 2026. — PMID 42205501

18. 안전성 — QTc, 추체외로증상, 기타

  1. ⊕ Zuo P, et al. Integration of modeling and simulation to support changes to ondansetron dosing following a randomized, double-blind, placebo-, and active-controlled thorough QT study. J Clin Pharmacol 2014. — PMID 24782199 32 mg 정맥 용량 철회의 근거이며, 모델의 SQ_OND 기울기를 검증하는 held-out 자료.
  2. Obal D, et al. Perioperative doses of ondansetron or dolasetron do not lengthen the QT interval. Mayo Clin Proc 2014. — PMID 24388024
  3. Hoffman RJ, et al. Effect of intravenous ondansetron on QTc interval in children with gastroenteritis. Am J Emerg Med 2018. — PMID 29029798
  4. Yürük Mısırlıoğlu H, et al. The effect of intravenous ondansetron on QT interval in the emergency department. Am J Emerg Med 2024. — PMID 39153265
  5. Dias CS, et al. Uncommon Extrapyramidal Reaction to Ondansetron. Cureus 2025. — PMID 40206890
  6. Navari RM. HTX-019: polysorbate 80- and synthetic surfactant-free neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist. Future Oncol 2019. — PMID 30304952
  7. Kassar O, et al. Efficacy and safety of ondansetron in schizophrenia. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2025. — PMID 40482395

19. 전신 결과 — 신독성, 삶의 질, 용량강도

  1. Crona DJ, et al. A Systematic Review of Strategies to Prevent Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity. Oncologist 2017. — PMID 28438887
  2. Mathavan A, et al. Beneficial Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Cisplatin Nephrotoxicity. Kidney360 2026. — PMID 41854743
  3. Bloechl-Daum B, et al. Delayed nausea and vomiting continue to reduce patients' quality of life after highly and moderately emetogenic chemotherapy despite antiemetic treatment. J Clin Oncol 2006. — PMID 16983116
  4. Cohen L, et al. Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: incidence and impact on patient quality of life. Support Care Cancer 2007. — PMID 17103197
  5. Martin AR, et al. Assessing the impact of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting on patients' daily lives: a modified version of the Functional Living Index-Emesis (FLIE). Support Care Cancer 2003. — PMID 12827483
  6. Han L, et al. Development and validation of the Pediatrics Functional Living Index-Emesis scale. Front Oncol 2025. — PMID 40630203
  7. Ihbe-Heffinger A, et al. The impact of delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting on patients, health resource utilization and costs. Ann Oncol 2004. — PMID 14998860
  8. Haiderali A, et al. Impact on daily functioning and indirect/direct costs associated with chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Support Care Cancer 2011. — PMID 20532923
  9. Farrell C, et al. The impact of chemotherapy-related nausea on patients' nutritional status, psychological distress and quality of life. Support Care Cancer 2013. — PMID 22610269
  10. Aapro M, et al. Oncologist perspectives on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) management and outcomes. Cancer Rep 2018. — PMID 32729252
  11. Yeo W, et al. Dataset on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and quality of life (QOL) during multiple cycles of chemotherapy. Data Brief 2020. — PMID 32215313
  12. Zhang M, et al. Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation of Netupitant Palonosetron for Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2026. — PMID 42207482
  13. Homma S, et al. Mallory-Weiss Syndrome Without Vomiting. Cureus 2026. — PMID 42453852

20. 보조요법

  1. Ryan JL, et al. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) reduces acute chemotherapy-induced nausea: a URCC CCOP study of 576 patients. Support Care Cancer 2012. — PMID 21818642
  2. Bhargava R, et al. The effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in patients with advanced cancer. Support Care Cancer 2020. — PMID 31745695
  3. Wenxi YU, et al. Neiguan (PC6) acupoint stimulation for preventing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. J Tradit Chin Med 2024. — PMID 38767643
  4. Zhu L, et al. Progress in traditional Chinese medicine for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Am J Transl Res 2026. — PMID 42491038
  5. Chou R, et al. Cannabis-Based Products for Chronic Pain: An Updated Systematic Review. Ann Intern Med 2026. — PMID 41429020
  6. A Mahrous M, et al. Evaluation of clinical outcomes and efficacy of palonosetron and granisetron in combination regimens. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021. — PMID 33835230

21. 방법론 — QSP, mrgsolve, frailty 모형

  1. Elmokadem A, et al. Quantitative Systems Pharmacology and Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling With mrgsolve: A Hands-On Tutorial. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2019. — PMID 31652028 이 저장소의 ODE 구현 도구.
  2. Takawira HT, et al. Beyond the Cox model: a log-logistic accelerated failure time frailty model for analysing first-event times. BMC Med Res Methodol 2026. — PMID 42332583 CR = E_S[exp(−S·I)] 의 lognormal frailty 구조에 대한 방법론적 근거.
  3. Wu H, et al. Proportional likelihood ratio mixed model for discrete longitudinal data. Stat Med 2021. — PMID 33588517
  4. Bender G, et al. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of a drug response using a mechanistic model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010. — PMID 20444880
  5. Dogné JM, et al. From animal testing to model-informed drug development: building on ICH M15 and EMA initiatives. Front Pharmacol 2026. — PMID 42499501
  6. Choi Y, et al. Integrating Real-World Data and Pharmacometrics to Bridge Evidence Gaps in Special Populations. Pharmaceutics 2026. — PMID 42514883
  7. Roila F. [Research on antiemetics: an Italian model of success]. Tumori 1998. — PMID 9617377

부록 A — 앵커 숫자와 그 출처의 일대일 대응

# 앵커 값 출처 PMID
1 CR 급성 (0–24 h), ondansetron + dexamethasone 78.1% Hesketh 2003 대조군 14559886
2 CR 지연 (24–120 h), 동일 군 55.8% Hesketh 2003 대조군 14559886
3 CR 전체 (0–120 h), 동일 군 52.3% Hesketh 2003 대조군 14559886
4 CR 급성, + aprepitant 89.2% Hesketh 2003 시험군 14559886
5 CR 지연, + aprepitant 75.4% Hesketh 2003 시험군 14559886
6 CR 전체, + aprepitant 72.7% Hesketh 2003 시험군 14559886
7 미치료 시스플라틴 24시간 구토 횟수 ≈6회 Cubeddu 1996 8692546
8 미치료 구역 없음 (0–120 h) ≈2% 자연경과 8692546
9 3제 병용 구역 없음 (0–120 h) 22% Navari 2016 대조군 27705262

적합에 사용하지 않은 것 (전부 held-out): 팔로노세트론·NEPA·롤라피탄트·올란자핀의 모든 효능 수치, AC/카보플라틴/옥살리플라틴 요법, 덱사메타손 AUC 비, NK1 PET 점유율, 5-HIAA 시간경과, QTc 기울기, CYP2D6 초고속대사자, 위험인자 공변량, 다주기 예기성 이월.


부록 B — 검증 방법

# 이 목록의 모든 PMID는 아래와 같이 실제 조회하여 서지사항을 확인했습니다.
curl -s "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esummary.fcgi?db=pubmed&retmode=json&id=<PMID>"

레코드가 조회되지 않은 인용은 이 파일에서 제외했습니다. 따라서 위 163개 항목의 저자·연도·저널·제목은 모두 PubMed에서 확인된 실제 문헌입니다. 다만 본문의 세부 수치를 그 문헌에 귀속시킬 때는 제목 수준의 확인을 넘어서는 검토가 필요하며, 이 모델이 앵커로 사용한 9개 숫자(부록 A)만이 원문에서 직접 대조된 값입니다. 그 밖의 인용은 해당 기전·파라미터 영역의 근거 문헌 목록으로 이해하시기 바랍니다.