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Atrial Fibrillation (AF) — QSP Model References

1. 역학 및 임상 지침 (Epidemiology & Clinical Guidelines)

  1. Hindricks G, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(5):373–498. PMID: 32860505

  2. January CT, et al. 2019 AHA/ACC/HRS Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. Circulation. 2019;140(2):e125–e151. PMID: 30686041

  3. Lippi G, et al. Global epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: an increasing epidemic. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2021;75(5):495–499. PMID: 33303550

  4. Benjamin EJ, et al. Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort. The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA. 1994;271(11):840–844. PMID: 8114238

  5. Chugh SS, et al. Worldwide epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: a Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study. Circulation. 2014;129(8):837–847. PMID: 24345399


2. 병태생리 — 전기적 리모델링 (Electrophysiology & Electrical Remodeling)

  1. Nattel S, et al. Atrial remodeling and atrial fibrillation: mechanisms and implications. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2008;1(1):62–73. PMID: 19808395

  2. Nattel S. New ideas about atrial fibrillation 50 years on. Nature. 2002;415(6868):219–226. PMID: 11805846

  3. Haïssaguerre M, et al. Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(10):659–666. PMID: 9725923

  4. Wijffels MC, et al. Atrial fibrillation begets atrial fibrillation. A study in awake chronically instrumented goats. Circulation. 1995;92(7):1954–1968. PMID: 7671380

  5. Workman AJ, et al. Altered channel properties and cell excitability in rat and rabbit atrial myocytes with heart failure. J Physiol. 2009;587(Pt 17):4199–4215. PMID: 19596894

  6. Vest JA, et al. Defective cardiac ryanodine receptor regulation during atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2005;111(16):2025–2032. PMID: 15837942

  7. Van Wagoner DR, et al. Atrial L-type Ca2+ currents and human atrial fibrillation. Circ Res. 1999;85(5):428–436. PMID: 10473675


3. 병태생리 — 구조적 리모델링 & 섬유화 (Structural Remodeling & Fibrosis)

  1. Burstein B, Nattel S. Atrial fibrosis: mechanisms and clinical relevance in atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(8):802–809. PMID: 18294563

  2. Yue L, et al. Ionic remodeling underlying action potential changes in a canine model of atrial fibrillation. Circ Res. 1997;81(4):512–525. PMID: 9314832

  3. Frustaci A, et al. Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 1997;96(4):1180–1184. PMID: 9286947

  4. Li D, et al. Promotion of atrial fibrillation by heart failure in dogs: atrial remodeling of a different sort. Circulation. 1999;100(1):87–95. PMID: 10393686

  5. Khan MN, et al. Pulmonary-vein isolation for atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure (PABA-CHF). N Engl J Med. 2008;359(17):1778–1785. PMID: 18946063

  6. Marrouche NF, et al. Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation with heart failure (CASTLE-AF). N Engl J Med. 2018;378(5):417–427. PMID: 29385358


4. 항응고 치료 — 임상시험 (Anticoagulation Clinical Trials)

  1. Connolly SJ, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation (RE-LY). N Engl J Med. 2009;361(12):1139–1151. PMID: 19717844

  2. Granger CB, et al. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation (ARISTOTLE). N Engl J Med. 2011;365(11):981–992. PMID: 21870978

  3. Patel MR, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (ROCKET AF). N Engl J Med. 2011;365(10):883–891. PMID: 21830957

  4. Giugliano RP, et al. Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation (ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48). N Engl J Med. 2013;369(22):2093–2104. PMID: 24251359

  5. Ruff CT, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of the RELY, ROCKET AF, ARISTOTLE, and ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 trials. Lancet. 2014;383(9921):955–962. PMID: 24315724


5. 율동 조절 — 임상시험 (Rhythm Control Clinical Trials)

  1. Wyse DG, et al. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation (AFFIRM). N Engl J Med. 2002;347(23):1825–1833. PMID: 12466506

  2. Van Gelder IC, et al. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation (RACE). N Engl J Med. 2002;347(23):1834–1840. PMID: 12466507

  3. Kirchhof P, et al. Early rhythm-control therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation (EAST-AFNET 4). N Engl J Med. 2020;383(14):1305–1316. PMID: 32865375

  4. Hohnloser SH, et al. Effect of dronedarone on cardiovascular events in atrial fibrillation (ATHENA). N Engl J Med. 2009;360(7):668–678. PMID: 19213680

  5. Kober L, et al. Increased mortality after dronedarone therapy for severe heart failure (ANDROMEDA). N Engl J Med. 2008;358(25):2678–2687. PMID: 18565860


6. 맥박수 조절 (Rate Control)

  1. Van Gelder IC, et al. Lenient versus strict rate control in patients with atrial fibrillation (RACE II). N Engl J Med. 2010;362(15):1363–1373. PMID: 20231232

  2. Kühlkamp V, et al. Use of metoprolol CR/XL to maintain sinus rhythm after conversion from persistent atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36(1):139–146. PMID: 10898426


7. 아미오다론 PK/PD (Amiodarone Pharmacokinetics)

  1. Holt DW. Therapeutic monitoring of amiodarone. Ther Drug Monit. 1991;13(4):269–278. PMID: 1949702

  2. Latini R, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of amiodarone. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1984;9(2):136–156. PMID: 6370982

  3. Zipes DP, et al. Amiodarone: electrophysiologic actions, pharmacokinetics and clinical effects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1984;3(4):1059–1071. PMID: 6200346


8. NOACs PK/PD (Non-vitamin K Oral Anticoagulants)

  1. Raghavan N, et al. Apixaban metabolism and pharmacokinetics after oral administration to humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009;37(1):74–81. PMID: 18757496

  2. Frost C, et al. Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of apixaban, an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor. J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;53(1):70–76. PMID: 23255388

  3. Mueck W, et al. Population model of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban—its role in the development of the once-daily regimen. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;67(6):605–611. PMID: 21174096


9. 뇌졸중 위험 평가 (Stroke Risk Stratification)

  1. Lip GY, et al. Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor-based approach (CHA2DS2-VASc). Chest. 2010;137(2):263–272. PMID: 19762550

  2. Pisters R, et al. A novel user-friendly score (HAS-BLED) to assess 1-year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation. Chest. 2010;138(5):1093–1100. PMID: 20299623

  3. Olesen JB, et al. Validation of risk stratification schemes for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation: nationwide cohort study. BMJ. 2011;342:d124. PMID: 21282258


10. 염증 및 산화 스트레스 (Inflammation & Oxidative Stress)

  1. Issac TT, et al. Role of inflammation in initiation and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review of the published data. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50(21):2021–2028. PMID: 18021867

  2. Mihm MJ, et al. Impaired myofibrillar energetics and oxidative injury during human atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2001;104(2):174–180. PMID: 11447082

  3. Korantzopoulos P, et al. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol. 2007;115(2):135–143. PMID: 16764950


11. QSP/전산 심장학 (Computational Cardiology)

  1. Trayanova NA, et al. Computational approaches to understanding atrial fibrillation. Europace. 2014;16 Suppl 4:iv98–iv105. PMID: 25362166

  2. Courtemanche M, et al. Ionic mechanisms underlying human atrial action potential properties: insights from a mathematical model. Am J Physiol. 1998;275(1 Pt 2):H301–21. PMID: 9688927

  3. Nygren A, et al. Mathematical model of an adult human atrial cell: the role of K+ currents in repolarization. Circ Res. 1998;82(1):63–81. PMID: 9440706

  4. Maleckar MM, et al. Mathematical simulations of ligand-gated and cell-type specific effects on the action potential of human atrium. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2008;96(1-3):90–110. PMID: 17870155