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‎ProgrammingRust/LICENSE-MIT‎

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Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any
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person obtaining a copy of this software and associated
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documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the
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Software without restriction, including without
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limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
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publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
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the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software
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is furnished to do so, subject to the following
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conditions:
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The above copyright notice and this permission notice
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shall be included in all copies or substantial portions
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of the Software.
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THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
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ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
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TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A
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PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
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SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
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CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
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OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR
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IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
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DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

‎ProgrammingRust/README.md‎

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# Code Examples for _Programming Rust_
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This repository contains complete code for the larger example programs
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from the book “Programming Rust”, by Jim Blandy and Jason Orendorff.
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Each subdirectory is a distinct Rust project, with its own Cargo.toml file. You
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should be able to enter each directory and use `cargo build` and `cargo test`.
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For those projects that define programs, `cargo run` should run them.
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The example code in this directory and its subdirectories is licensed under the
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terms of the MIT license. See [LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) for details.
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## Chapter 2: A Tour of Rust
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- The `gcd` directory holds the command-line program for computing the greatest
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common denominator of a list of numbers.
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- The `iron-gcd` directory holds the code for the simple web service,
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implemented using the [`iron`] framework, that computes greatest common
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denominators.
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- The Mandelbrot plotting program has its own repository, at
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`https://github.com/ProgrammingRust/mandelbrot`. This repository contains
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several branches, each showing a different implementation strategy. The
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`single-threaded` branch holds the code for the single-threaded version, and
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the `bands` branch holds the multi-threaded version. Chapter 19,
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“Concurrency”, shows several other approaches, which appear on other branches;
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see the repository's [README.md][mandel-readme] file for details.
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[`iron`]: https://crates.io/crates/iron
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## Chapter 8: Crates and Modules
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- We did not actually write a fern simulator. Please accept our sincere apology
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for this feckless deception. But the skeleton of modules and definitions we
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show in the book is in the `fern_sim` subdirectory.
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## Chapter 9: Structs
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- The `queue` directory holds a library that defines the `Queue` type,
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representing a queue of `char` values.
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- The `generic-queue` directory holds code for generic `Queue` type.
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## Chapter 10: Enums and Patterns
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- The `binary-tree` directory holds the source code for the `BinaryTree` type
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that appears in the “Generic Enums” and “Populating a Binary Tree” sections.
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## Chapter 12: Operator Overloading
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- The `complex` directory holds the `Complex` type used as a running example
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throughout the chapter.
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- The `interval` directory holds the `Interval` type for which the book
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implements the `std::cmp::PartialOrd` trait.
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## Chapter 14: Closures
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- The 'basic-router' directory holds the `BasicRouter` type used as an example
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in the “Callbacks” section.
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## Chapter 15: Iterators
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- The `binary-tree` directory holds the implementation of the `Iterator` trait
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for the `BinaryTree` type originally defined in the “Enums and Patterns”
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chapter.
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## Chapter 17: Strings and Text
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- The `complex` directory includes the implementation of the `std::fmt::Display`
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formatting trait for a complex number type, shown in the section “Formatting
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Your Own Types”.
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## Chapter 18: Input and Output
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- The `grep` directory holds the simple grep-like program shown in the section
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“Reading Lines”.
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- The `copy` directory holds the program for copying directory trees from the
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section “Reading Directories”, including the additions shown in the next
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section, “Platform-Specific Features”.
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- The `echo-server` directory holds the simple network service shown in the
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“Networking” section.
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- The `http-get` directory holds the command-line program that uses the
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`reqwest` crate to carry out an HTTP request.
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## Chapter 19: Concurrency
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- The search engine used as a running example throughout the book has its own
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repository, at `https://github.com/ProgrammingRust/fingertips`.
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- The Mandelbrot set plotter discussed in the section “Revisiting the Mandelbrot
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Set” also has its own repository, at `https://github.com/ProgrammingRust/mandelbrot`.
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The repository includes several branches exploring different implementations;
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see the repository's [README.md][mandel-readme] file for details.
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[mandel-readme]: https://github.com/ProgrammingRust/mandelbrot/blob/master/README.md
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## Chapter 20: Macros
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- The `json-macro` directory holds the definition of the `json!` macro built in
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the section “The json! Macro”.
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## Chapter 21: Unsafe Code
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- The `ascii` directory holds the `Ascii` type used as an example in the
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sections “Unsafe Blocks” and “Unsafe Functions”.
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- The `ref-with-flag` directory holds the `RefWithFlag` type from the “Raw
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Pointers” section.
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- The `gap-buffer` directory holds the `GapBuffer` type, used in the “Raw
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Pointers” section to illustrate pointer arithmetic and `std::ptr::read` and
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`std::ptr::write`.
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- The `libgit2-rs` and `libgit2-rs-safe` directories contain the two versions of
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the program that uses Rust's foreign function interface to call functions from
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the `libgit2` C library. The version in `libgit2-rs` is written as a single
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giant block of unsafe code, whereas the version in `libgit2-rs-safe`
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implements a safe Rust interface to the same functionality, using Rust's type
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system to enforce libgit2's rules for proper use of the library.
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Note that both of these require you to have a copy of `libgit2` present on
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your system. The chapter provides detailed instructions for building the
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correct version, for Linux, macOS, and Microsoft Windows.

‎ProgrammingRust/ascii/.gitignore‎

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target

‎ProgrammingRust/ascii/Cargo.lock‎

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‎ProgrammingRust/ascii/Cargo.toml‎

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[package]
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name = "ascii"
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version = "0.1.0"
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authors = ["You <you@example.com>"]
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[dependencies]

‎ProgrammingRust/ascii/src/lib.rs‎

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mod my_ascii {
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use std::ascii::AsciiExt; // for u8::is_ascii
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/// An ASCII-encoded string.
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#[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
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pub struct Ascii(
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// This must hold only well-formed ASCII text:
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// bytes from `0` to `0x7f`.
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Vec<u8>
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);
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impl Ascii {
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/// Create an `Ascii` from the ASCII text in `bytes`. Return a
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/// `NotAsciiError` error if `bytes` contains any non-ASCII
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/// characters.
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pub fn from_bytes(bytes: Vec<u8>) -> Result<Ascii, NotAsciiError> {
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if bytes.iter().any(|&byte| !byte.is_ascii()) {
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return Err(NotAsciiError(bytes));
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}
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Ok(Ascii(bytes))
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}
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}
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// When conversion fails, we give back the vector we couldn't convert.
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// This should implement `std::error::Error`; omitted for brevity.
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#[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
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pub struct NotAsciiError(pub Vec<u8>);
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// Safe, efficient conversion, implemented using unsafe code.
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impl From<Ascii> for String {
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fn from(ascii: Ascii) -> String {
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// If this module has no bugs, this is safe, because
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// well-formed ASCII text is also well-formed UTF-8.
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unsafe {
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String::from_utf8_unchecked(ascii.0)
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}
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}
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}
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impl From<Ascii> for Vec<u8> {
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fn from(ascii: Ascii) -> Vec<u8> { ascii.0 }
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}
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// This must be placed inside the `my_ascii` module.
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impl Ascii {
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/// Construct an `Ascii` value from `bytes`, without checking
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/// whether `bytes` actually contains well-formed ASCII.
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///
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/// This constructor is infallible, and returns an `Ascii` directly,
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/// rather than a `Result<Ascii, NotAsciiError>` as the `from_bytes`
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/// constructor does.
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///
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/// # Safety
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///
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/// The caller must ensure that `bytes` contains only ASCII
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/// characters: bytes no greater than 0x7f. Otherwise, the effect is
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/// undefined.
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pub unsafe fn from_bytes_unchecked(bytes: Vec<u8>) -> Ascii {
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Ascii(bytes)
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}
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}
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}
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#[test]
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fn good_ascii() {
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use self::my_ascii::Ascii;
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let bytes: Vec<u8> = b"ASCII and ye shall receive".to_vec();
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// This call entails no allocation or text copies, just a scan.
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let ascii: Ascii = Ascii::from_bytes(bytes)
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.unwrap(); // We know these chosen bytes are legit.
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// This call is zero-cost: no allocation, copies, or scans.
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let string = String::from(ascii);
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assert_eq!(string, "ASCII and ye shall receive");
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}
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#[test]
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fn bad_ascii() {
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use self::my_ascii::Ascii;
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// Imagine that this vector is the result of some complicated process
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// that we expected to produce ASCII. Something went wrong!
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let bytes = vec![0xf7, 0xbf, 0xbf, 0xbf];
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let ascii = unsafe {
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// This unsafe function's contract is violated
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// when `bytes` holds non-ASCII bytes.
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Ascii::from_bytes_unchecked(bytes)
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};
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let bogus: String = ascii.into();
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// `bogus` now holds ill-formed UTF-8. Parsing its first character
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// produces a `char` that is not a valid Unicode code point.
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assert_eq!(bogus.chars().next().unwrap() as u32, 0x1fffff);
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}

‎ProgrammingRust/basic-router/.gitignore‎

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‎ProgrammingRust/basic-router/Cargo.lock‎

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‎ProgrammingRust/basic-router/Cargo.toml‎

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[package]
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name = "basic-router"
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version = "0.1.0"
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authors = ["You <you@example.com>"]
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[dependencies]

‎ProgrammingRust/basic-router/src/lib.rs‎

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#![allow(dead_code)]
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use std::collections::HashMap;
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struct Request {
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method: String,
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url: String,
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headers: HashMap<String, String>,
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body: Vec<u8>
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}
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struct Response {
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code: u32,
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headers: HashMap<String, String>,
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body: Vec<u8>
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}
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type BoxedCallback = Box<Fn(&Request) -> Response>;
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struct BasicRouter {
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routes: HashMap<String, BoxedCallback>
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}
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impl BasicRouter {
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// Create an empty router.
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fn new() -> BasicRouter {
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BasicRouter { routes: HashMap::new() }
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}
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// Add a route to the router.
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fn add_route<C>(&mut self, url: &str, callback: C)
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where C: Fn(&Request) -> Response + 'static
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{
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self.routes.insert(url.to_string(), Box::new(callback));
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}
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}
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impl BasicRouter {
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fn handle_request(&self, request: &Request) -> Response {
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match self.routes.get(&request.url) {
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None => not_found_response(),
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Some(callback) => callback(request)
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}
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}
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}
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fn not_found_response() -> Response {
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Response {
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code: 404,
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headers: HashMap::new(),
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body: b"<h1>Page not found</h1>".to_vec()
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}
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}
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fn get_form_response() -> Response {
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Response {
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code: 200,
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headers: HashMap::new(),
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body: b"<form>".to_vec()
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}
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}
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fn get_gcd_response(_req: &Request) -> Response {
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Response {
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code: 500,
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headers: HashMap::new(),
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body: b"<h1>Internal server error</h1>".to_vec()
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}
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}
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fn req(url: &str) -> Request {
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Request {
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method: "GET".to_string(),
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url: url.to_string(),
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headers: HashMap::new(),
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body: vec![]
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}
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}
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#[test]
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fn test_router() {
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let mut router = BasicRouter::new();
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router.add_route("/", |_| get_form_response());
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router.add_route("/gcd", |req| get_gcd_response(req));
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assert_eq!(router.handle_request(&req("/piano")).code, 404);
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assert_eq!(router.handle_request(&req("/")).code, 200);
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assert_eq!(router.handle_request(&req("/gcd")).code, 500);
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}

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