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%!TEX root = std.tex
\rSec0[lex]{Lexical conventions}
\gramSec[gram.lex]{Lexical conventions}
\indextext{lexical conventions|see{conventions, lexical}}
\indextext{translation!separate|see{compilation, separate}}
\indextext{separate translation|see{compilation, separate}}
\indextext{separate compilation|see{compilation, separate}}
\indextext{phases of translation|see{translation, phases}}
\indextext{source file character|see{character, source file}}
\indextext{alternative token|see{token, alternative}}
\indextext{digraph|see{token, alternative}}
\indextext{integer literal|see{literal, integer}}
\indextext{character literal|see{literal, character}}
\indextext{floating-point literal|see{literal, floating-point}}
\indextext{string literal|see{literal, string}}
\indextext{boolean literal|see{literal, boolean}}
\indextext{pointer literal|see{literal, pointer}}
\indextext{user-defined literal|see{literal, user-defined}}
\indextext{file, source|see{source file}}
\indextext{null character|see{character, null}}
\indextext{null wide character|see{wide-character, null}}
\rSec1[lex.separate]{Separate translation}
\pnum
\indextext{conventions!lexical|(}%
\indextext{compilation!separate|(}%
The text of the program is kept in units called
\defnx{source files}{source file} in this document.
A source file together with all the headers\iref{headers}
and source files included\iref{cpp.include} via the preprocessing
directive \tcode{\#include}, less any source lines skipped by any of the
conditional inclusion\iref{cpp.cond} preprocessing directives,
as modified by the implementation-defined behavior of any
conditionally-supported-directives\iref{cpp.pre} and pragmas\iref{cpp.pragma},
if any, is
called a \defnadj{preprocessing}{translation unit}.
\begin{note}
A \Cpp{} program need not all be translated at the same time.
\end{note}
\pnum
\begin{note}
Previously translated translation units and instantiation
units can be preserved individually or in libraries. The separate
translation units of a program communicate\iref{basic.link} by (for
example)
calls to functions whose identifiers have external or module linkage,
manipulation of objects whose identifiers have external or module linkage, or
manipulation of data files. Translation units can be separately
translated and then later linked to produce an executable
program\iref{basic.link}.
\end{note}
\indextext{compilation!separate|)}
\rSec1[lex.phases]{Phases of translation}%
\pnum
\indextext{translation!phases|(}%
The precedence among the syntax rules of translation is specified by the
following phases.
\begin{footnote}
Implementations behave as if these separate phases
occur, although in practice different phases can be folded together.
\end{footnote}
\begin{enumerate}
\item
\indextext{character!source file}%
An implementation shall support input files
that are a sequence of UTF-8 code units (UTF-8 files).
It may also support
an \impldef{supported input files} set of other kinds of input files, and,
if so, the kind of an input file is determined in
an \impldef{determination of kind of input file} manner
that includes a means of designating input files as UTF-8 files,
independent of their content.
\begin{note}
In other words,
recognizing the \unicode{feff}{byte order mark} is not sufficient.
\end{note}
If an input file is determined to be a UTF-8 file,
then it shall be a well-formed UTF-8 code unit sequence and
it is decoded to produce a sequence of Unicode scalar values.
A sequence of translation character set elements is then formed
by mapping each Unicode scalar value
to the corresponding translation character set element.
In the resulting sequence,
each pair of characters in the input sequence consisting of
\unicode{000d}{carriage return} followed by \unicode{000a}{line feed},
as well as each
\unicode{000d}{carriage return} not immediately followed by a \unicode{000a}{line feed},
is replaced by a single new-line character.
For any other kind of input file supported by the implementation,
characters are mapped, in an
\impldef{mapping physical source file characters to translation character set} manner,
to a sequence of translation character set elements\iref{lex.charset},
representing end-of-line indicators as new-line characters.
\item
\indextext{line splicing}%
If the first translation character is \unicode{feff}{byte order mark},
it is deleted.
Each sequence of a backslash character (\textbackslash)
immediately followed by
zero or more whitespace characters other than new-line followed by
a new-line character is deleted, splicing
physical source lines to form logical source lines. Only the last
backslash on any physical source line shall be eligible for being part
of such a splice.
\begin{note}
Line splicing can form
a \grammarterm{universal-character-name}\iref{lex.charset}.
\end{note}
A source file that is not empty and that (after splicing)
does not end in a new-line character
shall be processed as if an additional new-line character were appended
to the file.
\item The source file is decomposed into preprocessing
tokens\iref{lex.pptoken} and sequences of whitespace characters
(including comments). A source file shall not end in a partial
preprocessing token or in a partial comment.
\begin{footnote}
A partial preprocessing
token would arise from a source file
ending in the first portion of a multi-character token that requires a
terminating sequence of characters, such as a \grammarterm{header-name}
that is missing the closing \tcode{"}
or \tcode{>}. A partial comment
would arise from a source file ending with an unclosed \tcode{/*}
comment.
\end{footnote}
Each comment is replaced by one space character. New-line characters are
retained. Whether each nonempty sequence of whitespace characters other
than new-line is retained or replaced by one space character is
unspecified.
As characters from the source file are consumed
to form the next preprocessing token
(i.e., not being consumed as part of a comment or other forms of whitespace),
except when matching a
\grammarterm{c-char-sequence},
\grammarterm{s-char-sequence},
\grammarterm{r-char-sequence},
\grammarterm{h-char-sequence}, or
\grammarterm{q-char-sequence},
\grammarterm{universal-character-name}s are recognized and
replaced by the designated element of the translation character set.
The process of dividing a source file's
characters into preprocessing tokens is context-dependent.
\begin{example}
See the handling of \tcode{<} within a \tcode{\#include} preprocessing
directive\iref{cpp.include}.
\end{example}
\item Preprocessing directives are executed, macro invocations are
expanded, and \tcode{_Pragma} unary operator expressions are executed.
A \tcode{\#include} preprocessing directive causes the named header or
source file to be processed from phase 1 through phase 4, recursively.
All preprocessing directives are then deleted.
\item
For a sequence of two or more adjacent \grammarterm{string-literal} tokens,
a common \grammarterm{encoding-prefix} is determined
as specified in \ref{lex.string}.
Each such \grammarterm{string-literal} token is then considered to have
that common \grammarterm{encoding-prefix}.
\item
Adjacent \grammarterm{string-literal} tokens are concatenated\iref{lex.string}.
\item Whitespace characters separating tokens are no longer
significant. Each preprocessing token is converted into a
token\iref{lex.token}. The resulting tokens
constitute a \defn{translation unit} and
are syntactically and
semantically analyzed and translated.
\begin{note}
The process of analyzing and translating the tokens can occasionally
result in one token being replaced by a sequence of other
tokens\iref{temp.names}.
\end{note}
It is
\impldef{whether the sources for
module units and header units
on which the current translation unit has an interface
dependency are required to be available during translation}
whether the sources for
module units and header units
on which the current translation unit has an interface
dependency\iref{module.unit,module.import}
are required to be available.
\begin{note}
Source files, translation
units and translated translation units need not necessarily be stored as
files, nor need there be any one-to-one correspondence between these
entities and any external representation. The description is conceptual
only, and does not specify any particular implementation.
\end{note}
\item Translated translation units and instantiation units are combined
as follows:
\begin{note}
Some or all of these can be supplied from a
library.
\end{note}
Each translated translation unit is examined to
produce a list of required instantiations.
\begin{note}
This can include
instantiations which have been explicitly
requested\iref{temp.explicit}.
\end{note}
The definitions of the
required templates are located. It is \impldef{whether source of translation units must
be available to locate template definitions} whether the
source of the translation units containing these definitions is required
to be available.
\begin{note}
An implementation can choose to encode sufficient
information into the translated translation unit so as to ensure the
source is not required here.
\end{note}
All the required instantiations
are performed to produce
\defn{instantiation units}.
\begin{note}
These are similar
to translated translation units, but contain no references to
uninstantiated templates and no template definitions.
\end{note}
The
program is ill-formed if any instantiation fails.
\item All external entity references are resolved. Library
components are linked to satisfy external references to
entities not defined in the current translation. All such translator
output is collected into a program image which contains information
needed for execution in its execution environment.%
\indextext{translation!phases|)}
\end{enumerate}
\rSec1[lex.charset]{Character sets}
\pnum
\indextext{character set|(}%
The \defnadj{translation}{character set} consists of the following elements:
\begin{itemize}
\item
each abstract character assigned a code point in the Unicode codespace
as specified in the Unicode Standard, and
\item
a distinct character for each Unicode scalar value
not assigned to an abstract character.
\end{itemize}
\begin{note}
Unicode code points are integers
in the range $[0, \mathrm{10FFFF}]$ (hexadecimal).
A surrogate code point is a value
in the range $[\mathrm{D800}, \mathrm{DFFF}]$ (hexadecimal).
A Unicode scalar value is any code point that is not a surrogate code point.
\end{note}
\pnum
The \defnadj{basic}{character set} is a subset of the translation character set,
consisting of 99 characters as specified in \tref{lex.charset.basic}.
\begin{note}
Unicode short names are given only as a means to identifying the character;
the numerical value has no other meaning in this context.
\end{note}
\begin{floattable}{Basic character set}{lex.charset.basic}{lll}
\topline
\lhdrx{2}{character} & \rhdr{glyph} \\ \capsep
\ucode{0009} & \uname{character tabulation} & \\
\ucode{000b} & \uname{line tabulation} & \\
\ucode{000c} & \uname{form feed} & \\
\ucode{0020} & \uname{space} & \\
\ucode{000a} & \uname{line feed} & new-line \\
\ucode{0021} & \uname{exclamation mark} & \tcode{!} \\
\ucode{0022} & \uname{quotation mark} & \tcode{"} \\
\ucode{0023} & \uname{number sign} & \tcode{\#} \\
\ucode{0024} & \uname{dollar sign} & \tcode{\$} \\
\ucode{0025} & \uname{percent sign} & \tcode{\%} \\
\ucode{0026} & \uname{ampersand} & \tcode{\&} \\
\ucode{0027} & \uname{apostrophe} & \tcode{'} \\
\ucode{0028} & \uname{left parenthesis} & \tcode{(} \\
\ucode{0029} & \uname{right parenthesis} & \tcode{)} \\
\ucode{002a} & \uname{asterisk} & \tcode{*} \\
\ucode{002b} & \uname{plus sign} & \tcode{+} \\
\ucode{002c} & \uname{comma} & \tcode{,} \\
\ucode{002d} & \uname{hyphen-minus} & \tcode{-} \\
\ucode{002e} & \uname{full stop} & \tcode{.} \\
\ucode{002f} & \uname{solidus} & \tcode{/} \\
\ucode{0030} .. \ucode{0039} & \uname{digit zero .. nine} & \tcode{0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9} \\
\ucode{003a} & \uname{colon} & \tcode{:} \\
\ucode{003b} & \uname{semicolon} & \tcode{;} \\
\ucode{003c} & \uname{less-than sign} & \tcode{<} \\
\ucode{003d} & \uname{equals sign} & \tcode{=} \\
\ucode{003e} & \uname{greater-than sign} & \tcode{>} \\
\ucode{003f} & \uname{question mark} & \tcode{?} \\
\ucode{0040} & \uname{commercial at} & \tcode{@} \\
\ucode{0041} .. \ucode{005a} & \uname{latin capital letter a .. z} & \tcode{A B C D E F G H I J K L M} \\
& & \tcode{N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z} \\
\ucode{005b} & \uname{left square bracket} & \tcode{[} \\
\ucode{005c} & \uname{reverse solidus} & \tcode{\textbackslash} \\
\ucode{005d} & \uname{right square bracket} & \tcode{]} \\
\ucode{005e} & \uname{circumflex accent} & \tcode{\caret} \\
\ucode{005f} & \uname{low line} & \tcode{_} \\
\ucode{0060} & \uname{grave accent} & \tcode{\`} \\
\ucode{0061} .. \ucode{007a} & \uname{latin small letter a .. z} & \tcode{a b c d e f g h i j k l m} \\
& & \tcode{n o p q r s t u v w x y z} \\
\ucode{007b} & \uname{left curly bracket} & \tcode{\{} \\
\ucode{007c} & \uname{vertical line} & \tcode{|} \\
\ucode{007d} & \uname{right curly bracket} & \tcode{\}} \\
\ucode{007e} & \uname{tilde} & \tcode{\textasciitilde} \\
\end{floattable}
\pnum
The \grammarterm{universal-character-name} construct provides a way to name
other characters.
\begin{bnf}
\nontermdef{n-char} \textnormal{one of}\br
\textnormal{any member of the translation character set except the \unicode{007d}{right curly bracket} or new-line character}
\end{bnf}
\begin{bnf}
\nontermdef{n-char-sequence}\br
n-char\br
n-char-sequence n-char
\end{bnf}
\begin{bnf}
\nontermdef{named-universal-character}\br
\terminal{\textbackslash N\{} n-char-sequence \terminal{\}}
\end{bnf}
\begin{bnf}
\nontermdef{hex-quad}\br
hexadecimal-digit hexadecimal-digit hexadecimal-digit hexadecimal-digit
\end{bnf}
\begin{bnf}
\nontermdef{simple-hexadecimal-digit-sequence}\br
hexadecimal-digit\br
simple-hexadecimal-digit-sequence hexadecimal-digit
\end{bnf}
\begin{bnf}
\nontermdef{universal-character-name}\br
\terminal{\textbackslash u} hex-quad\br
\terminal{\textbackslash U} hex-quad hex-quad\br
\terminal{\textbackslash u\{} simple-hexadecimal-digit-sequence \terminal{\}}\br
named-universal-character
\end{bnf}
\pnum
A \grammarterm{universal-character-name}
of the form \tcode{\textbackslash u} \grammarterm{hex-quad},
\tcode{\textbackslash U} \grammarterm{hex-quad} \grammarterm{hex-quad}, or
\tcode{\textbackslash u\{\grammarterm{simple-hexadecimal-digit-sequence}\}}
designates the character in the translation character set
whose Unicode scalar value is the hexadecimal number represented by
the sequence of \grammarterm{hexadecimal-digit}s
in the \grammarterm{universal-character-name}.
The program is ill-formed if that number is not a Unicode scalar value.
\pnum
A \grammarterm{universal-character-name}
that is a \grammarterm{named-universal-character}
designates the corresponding character
in the Unicode Standard (chapter 4.8 Name)
if the \grammarterm{n-char-sequence} is equal
to its character name or
to one of its character name aliases of
type ``control'', ``correction'', or ``alternate'';
otherwise, the program is ill-formed.
\begin{note}
These aliases are listed in
the Unicode Character Database's \tcode{NameAliases.txt}.
None of these names or aliases have leading or trailing spaces.
\end{note}
\pnum
If a \grammarterm{universal-character-name} outside
the \grammarterm{c-char-sequence}, \grammarterm{s-char-sequence}, or
\grammarterm{r-char-sequence} of
a \grammarterm{character-literal} or \grammarterm{string-literal}
(in either case, including within a \grammarterm{user-defined-literal})
corresponds to a control character or
to a character in the basic character set, the program is ill-formed.
\begin{note}
A sequence of characters resembling a \grammarterm{universal-character-name} in an
\grammarterm{r-char-sequence}\iref{lex.string} does not form a
\grammarterm{universal-character-name}.
\end{note}
\pnum
The \defnadj{basic literal}{character set} consists of
all characters of the basic character set,
plus the control characters specified in \tref{lex.charset.literal}.
\begin{floattable}{Additional control characters in the basic literal character set}{lex.charset.literal}{ll}
\topline
\ohdrx{2}{character} \\ \capsep
\ucode{0000} & \uname{null} \\
\ucode{0007} & \uname{alert} \\
\ucode{0008} & \uname{backspace} \\
\ucode{000d} & \uname{carriage return} \\
\end{floattable}
\pnum
A \defn{code unit} is an integer value
of character type\iref{basic.fundamental}.
Characters in a \grammarterm{character-literal}
other than a multicharacter or non-encodable character literal or
in a \grammarterm{string-literal} are encoded as
a sequence of one or more code units, as determined
by the \grammarterm{encoding-prefix}\iref{lex.ccon,lex.string};
this is termed the respective \defnadj{literal}{encoding}.
The \defnadj{ordinary literal}{encoding} is
the encoding applied to an ordinary character or string literal.
The \defnadj{wide literal}{encoding} is the encoding applied
to a wide character or string literal.
\pnum
A literal encoding or a locale-specific encoding of one of
the execution character sets\iref{character.seq}
encodes each element of the basic literal character set as
a single code unit with non-negative value,
distinct from the code unit for any other such element.
\begin{note}
A character not in the basic literal character set
can be encoded with more than one code unit;
the value of such a code unit can be the same as
that of a code unit for an element of the basic literal character set.
\end{note}
\indextext{character!null}%
\indextext{wide-character!null}%
The \unicode{0000}{null} character is encoded as the value \tcode{0}.
No other element of the translation character set
is encoded with a code unit of value \tcode{0}.
The code unit value of each decimal digit character after the digit \tcode{0} (\ucode{0030})
shall be one greater than the value of the previous.
The ordinary and wide literal encodings are otherwise
\impldef{ordinary and wide literal encodings}.
\indextext{UTF-8}%
\indextext{UTF-16}%
\indextext{UTF-32}%
For a UTF-8, UTF-16, or UTF-32 literal,
the implementation shall encode
the Unicode scalar value
corresponding to each character of the translation character set
as specified in the Unicode Standard
for the respective Unicode encoding form.
\indextext{character set|)}
\rSec1[lex.pptoken]{Preprocessing tokens}
\indextext{token!preprocessing|(}%
\begin{bnf}
\nontermdef{preprocessing-token}\br
header-name\br
import-keyword\br
module-keyword\br
export-keyword\br
identifier\br
pp-number\br
character-literal\br
user-defined-character-literal\br
string-literal\br
user-defined-string-literal\br
preprocessing-op-or-punc\br
\textnormal{each non-whitespace character that cannot be one of the above}
\end{bnf}
\pnum
Each preprocessing token that is converted to a token\iref{lex.token}
shall have the lexical form of a keyword, an identifier, a literal,
or an operator or punctuator.
\pnum
A preprocessing token is the minimal lexical element of the language in translation
phases 3 through 6.
In this document,
glyphs are used to identify
elements of the basic character set\iref{lex.charset}.
The categories of preprocessing token are: header names,
placeholder tokens produced by preprocessing \tcode{import} and \tcode{module} directives
(\grammarterm{import-keyword}, \grammarterm{module-keyword}, and \grammarterm{export-keyword}),
identifiers, preprocessing numbers, character literals (including user-defined character
literals), string literals (including user-defined string literals), preprocessing
operators and punctuators, and single non-whitespace characters that do not lexically
match the other preprocessing token categories.
If a \unicode{0027}{apostrophe} or a \unicode{0022}{quotation mark} character
matches the last category, the program is ill-formed.
If any character not in the basic character set matches the last category,
the program is ill-formed.
Preprocessing tokens can be separated by
\indextext{whitespace}%
whitespace;
\indextext{comment}%
this consists of comments\iref{lex.comment}, or whitespace characters
(\unicode{0020}{space},
\unicode{0009}{character tabulation},
new-line,
\unicode{000b}{line tabulation}, and
\unicode{000c}{form feed}), or both.
As described in \ref{cpp}, in certain
circumstances during translation phase 4, whitespace (or the absence
thereof) serves as more than preprocessing token separation. Whitespace
can appear within a preprocessing token only as part of a header name or
between the quotation characters in a character literal or
string literal.
\pnum
If the input stream has been parsed into preprocessing tokens up to a
given character:
\begin{itemize}
\item
\indextext{literal!string!raw}%
If the next character begins a sequence of characters that could be the prefix
and initial double quote of a raw string literal, such as \tcode{R"}, the next preprocessing
token shall be a raw string literal. Between the initial and final
double quote characters of the raw string, any transformations performed in phase
2 (line splicing) are reverted; this reversion
shall apply before any \grammarterm{d-char}, \grammarterm{r-char}, or delimiting
parenthesis is identified. The raw string literal is defined as the shortest sequence
of characters that matches the raw-string pattern
\begin{ncbnf}
\opt{encoding-prefix} \terminal{R} raw-string
\end{ncbnf}
\item Otherwise, if the next three characters are \tcode{<::} and the subsequent character
is neither \tcode{:} nor \tcode{>}, the \tcode{<} is treated as a preprocessing token by
itself and not as the first character of the alternative token \tcode{<:}.
\item Otherwise,
the next preprocessing token is the longest sequence of
characters that could constitute a preprocessing token, even if that
would cause further lexical analysis to fail,
except that a \grammarterm{header-name}\iref{lex.header} is only formed
\begin{itemize}
\item
after the \tcode{include} or \tcode{import} preprocessing token in an
\tcode{\#include}\iref{cpp.include} or
\tcode{import}\iref{cpp.import} directive, or
\item
within a \grammarterm{has-include-expression}.
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\begin{example}
\begin{codeblock}
#define R "x"
const char* s = R"y"; // ill-formed raw string, not \tcode{"x" "y"}
\end{codeblock}
\end{example}
\pnum
The \grammarterm{import-keyword} is produced
by processing an \keyword{import} directive\iref{cpp.import},
the \grammarterm{module-keyword} is produced
by preprocessing a \keyword{module} directive\iref{cpp.module}, and
the \grammarterm{export-keyword} is produced
by preprocessing either of the previous two directives.
\begin{note}
None has any observable spelling.
\end{note}
\pnum
\begin{example}
The program fragment \tcode{0xe+foo} is parsed as a
preprocessing number token (one that is not a valid
\grammarterm{integer-literal} or \grammarterm{floating-point-literal} token),
even though a parse as three preprocessing tokens
\tcode{0xe}, \tcode{+}, and \tcode{foo} can produce a valid expression (for example,
if \tcode{foo} is a macro defined as \tcode{1}). Similarly, the
program fragment \tcode{1E1} is parsed as a preprocessing number (one
that is a valid \grammarterm{floating-point-literal} token),
whether or not \tcode{E} is a macro name.
\end{example}
\pnum
\begin{example}
The program fragment \tcode{x+++++y} is parsed as \tcode{x
++ ++ + y}, which, if \tcode{x} and \tcode{y} have integral types,
violates a constraint on increment operators, even though the parse
\tcode{x ++ + ++ y} can yield a correct expression.
\end{example}
\indextext{token!preprocessing|)}
\rSec1[lex.digraph]{Alternative tokens}
\pnum
\indextext{token!alternative|(}%
Alternative token representations are provided for some operators and
punctuators.
\begin{footnote}
\indextext{digraph}%
These include ``digraphs'' and additional reserved words. The term
``digraph'' (token consisting of two characters) is not perfectly
descriptive, since one of the alternative \grammarterm{preprocessing-token}s is
\tcode{\%:\%:} and of course several primary tokens contain two
characters. Nonetheless, those alternative tokens that aren't lexical
keywords are colloquially known as ``digraphs''.
\end{footnote}
\pnum
In all respects of the language, each alternative token behaves the
same, respectively, as its primary token, except for its spelling.
\begin{footnote}
Thus the ``stringized'' values\iref{cpp.stringize} of
\tcode{[} and \tcode{<:} will be different, maintaining the source
spelling, but the tokens can otherwise be freely interchanged.
\end{footnote}
The set of alternative tokens is defined in
\tref{lex.digraph}.
\begin{tokentable}{Alternative tokens}{lex.digraph}{Alternative}{Primary}
\tcode{<\%} & \tcode{\{} &
\keyword{and} & \tcode{\&\&} &
\keyword{and_eq} & \tcode{\&=} \\ \rowsep
\tcode{\%>} & \tcode{\}} &
\keyword{bitor} & \tcode{|} &
\keyword{or_eq} & \tcode{|=} \\ \rowsep
\tcode{<:} & \tcode{[} &
\keyword{or} & \tcode{||} &
\keyword{xor_eq} & \tcode{\caret=} \\ \rowsep
\tcode{:>} & \tcode{]} &
\keyword{xor} & \tcode{\caret} &
\keyword{not} & \tcode{!} \\ \rowsep
\tcode{\%:} & \tcode{\#} &
\keyword{compl} & \tcode{\~} &
\keyword{not_eq} & \tcode{!=} \\ \rowsep
\tcode{\%:\%:} & \tcode{\#\#} &
\keyword{bitand} & \tcode{\&} &
& \\
\end{tokentable}%
\indextext{token!alternative|)}
\rSec1[lex.token]{Tokens}
\indextext{token|(}%
\begin{bnf}
\nontermdef{token}\br
identifier\br
keyword\br
literal\br
operator-or-punctuator
\end{bnf}
\pnum
\indextext{\idxgram{token}}%
There are five kinds of tokens: identifiers, keywords, literals,%
\begin{footnote}
Literals include strings and character and numeric literals.
\end{footnote}
operators, and other separators.
\indextext{whitespace}%
Blanks, horizontal and vertical tabs, newlines, formfeeds, and comments
(collectively, ``whitespace''), as described below, are ignored except
as they serve to separate tokens.
\begin{note}
Whitespace can separate otherwise adjacent identifiers, keywords, numeric
literals, and alternative tokens containing alphabetic characters.
\end{note}
\indextext{token|)}
\rSec1[lex.comment]{Comments}
\pnum
\indextext{comment|(}%
\indextext{comment!\tcode{/*} \tcode{*/}}%
\indextext{comment!\tcode{//}}%
The characters \tcode{/*} start a comment, which terminates with the
characters \tcode{*/}. These comments do not nest.
\indextext{comment!\tcode{//}}%
The characters \tcode{//} start a comment, which terminates immediately before the
next new-line character. If there is a form-feed or a vertical-tab
character in such a comment, only whitespace characters shall appear
between it and the new-line that terminates the comment; no diagnostic
is required.
\begin{note}
The comment characters \tcode{//}, \tcode{/*},
and \tcode{*/} have no special meaning within a \tcode{//} comment and
are treated just like other characters. Similarly, the comment
characters \tcode{//} and \tcode{/*} have no special meaning within a
\tcode{/*} comment.
\end{note}
\indextext{comment|)}
\rSec1[lex.header]{Header names}
\indextext{header!name|(}%
\begin{bnf}
\microtypesetup{protrusion=false}\obeyspaces
\nontermdef{header-name}\br
\terminal{<} h-char-sequence \terminal{>}\br
\terminal{"} q-char-sequence \terminal{"}
\end{bnf}
\begin{bnf}
\nontermdef{h-char-sequence}\br
h-char\br
h-char-sequence h-char
\end{bnf}
\begin{bnf}
\nontermdef{h-char}\br
\textnormal{any member of the translation character set except new-line and \unicode{003e}{greater-than sign}}
\end{bnf}
\begin{bnf}
\nontermdef{q-char-sequence}\br
q-char\br
q-char-sequence q-char
\end{bnf}
\begin{bnf}
\nontermdef{q-char}\br
\textnormal{any member of the translation character set except new-line and \unicode{0022}{quotation mark}}
\end{bnf}
\pnum
\begin{note}
Header name preprocessing tokens only appear within
a \tcode{\#include} preprocessing directive,
a \tcode{__has_include} preprocessing expression, or
after certain occurrences of an \tcode{import} token
(see~\ref{lex.pptoken}).
\end{note}
The sequences in both forms of \grammarterm{header-name}{s} are mapped in an
\impldef{mapping header name to header or external source file} manner to headers or to
external source file names as specified in~\ref{cpp.include}.
\pnum
The appearance of either of the characters \tcode{'} or \tcode{\textbackslash} or of
either of the character sequences \tcode{/*} or \tcode{//} in a
\grammarterm{q-char-sequence} or an \grammarterm{h-char-sequence}
is conditionally-supported with \impldef{meaning of \tcode{'}, \tcode{\textbackslash},
\tcode{/*}, or \tcode{//} in a \grammarterm{q-char-sequence} or an
\grammarterm{h-char-sequence}} semantics, as is the appearance of the character
\tcode{"} in an \grammarterm{h-char-sequence}.
\begin{footnote}
Thus, a sequence of characters
that resembles an escape sequence can result in an error, be interpreted as the
character corresponding to the escape sequence, or have a completely different meaning,
depending on the implementation.
\end{footnote}
\indextext{header!name|)}
\rSec1[lex.ppnumber]{Preprocessing numbers}
\indextext{number!preprocessing|(}%
\begin{bnf}
\nontermdef{pp-number}\br
digit\br
\terminal{.} digit\br
pp-number identifier-continue\br
pp-number \terminal{'} digit\br
pp-number \terminal{'} nondigit\br
pp-number \terminal{e} sign\br
pp-number \terminal{E} sign\br
pp-number \terminal{p} sign\br
pp-number \terminal{P} sign\br
pp-number \terminal{.}
\end{bnf}
\pnum
Preprocessing number tokens lexically include
all \grammarterm{integer-literal} tokens\iref{lex.icon} and
all \grammarterm{floating-point-literal} tokens\iref{lex.fcon}.
\pnum
A preprocessing number does not have a type or a value; it acquires both
after a successful conversion to
an \grammarterm{integer-literal} token or
a \grammarterm{floating-point-literal} token.%
\indextext{number!preprocessing|)}
\rSec1[lex.name]{Identifiers}
\indextext{identifier|(}%
\begin{bnf}
\nontermdef{identifier}\br
identifier-start\br
identifier identifier-continue
\end{bnf}
\begin{bnf}
\nontermdef{identifier-start}\br
nondigit\br
\textnormal{an element of the translation character set with the Unicode property XID_Start}
\end{bnf}
\begin{bnf}
\nontermdef{identifier-continue}\br
digit\br
nondigit\br
\textnormal{an element of the translation character set with the Unicode property XID_Continue}
\end{bnf}
\begin{bnf}
\nontermdef{nondigit} \textnormal{one of}\br
\terminal{a b c d e f g h i j k l m}\br
\terminal{n o p q r s t u v w x y z}\br
\terminal{A B C D E F G H I J K L M}\br
\terminal{N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z _}
\end{bnf}
\begin{bnf}
\nontermdef{digit} \textnormal{one of}\br
\terminal{0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9}
\end{bnf}
\pnum
\indextext{name!length of}%
\indextext{name}%
\begin{note}
The character properties XID_Start and XID_Continue are Derived Core Properties
as described by \UAX{44} of the Unicode Standard.
\begin{footnote}
On systems in which linkers cannot accept extended
characters, an encoding of the \grammarterm{universal-character-name} can be used in
forming valid external identifiers. For example, some otherwise unused
character or sequence of characters can be used to encode the
\tcode{\textbackslash u} in a \grammarterm{universal-character-name}. Extended
characters can produce a long external identifier, but \Cpp{} does not
place a translation limit on significant characters for external
identifiers.
\end{footnote}
\end{note}
The program is ill-formed
if an \grammarterm{identifier} does not conform to
Normalization Form C as specified in the Unicode Standard.
\begin{note}
Identifiers are case-sensitive.
\end{note}
\begin{note}
\ref{uaxid} compares the requirements of \UAX{31} of the Unicode Standard
with the \Cpp{} rules for identifiers.
\end{note}
\begin{note}
In translation phase 4,
\grammarterm{identifier} also includes
those \grammarterm{preprocessing-token}s\iref{lex.pptoken}
differentiated as keywords\iref{lex.key}
in the later translation phase 7\iref{lex.token}.
\end{note}
\pnum
\indextext{\idxcode{import}}%
\indextext{\idxcode{final}}%
\indextext{\idxcode{module}}%
\indextext{\idxcode{override}}%
The identifiers in \tref{lex.name.special} have a special meaning when
appearing in a certain context. When referred to in the grammar, these identifiers
are used explicitly rather than using the \grammarterm{identifier} grammar production.
Unless otherwise specified, any ambiguity as to whether a given
\grammarterm{identifier} has a special meaning is resolved to interpret the
token as a regular \grammarterm{identifier}.
\begin{multicolfloattable}{Identifiers with special meaning}{lex.name.special}
{llll}
\keyword{final} \\
\columnbreak
\keyword{import} \\
\columnbreak
\keyword{module} \\
\columnbreak
\keyword{override} \\
\end{multicolfloattable}
\pnum
\indextext{\idxcode{_}|see{character, underscore}}%
\indextext{character!underscore!in identifier}%
\indextext{reserved identifier}%
In addition, some identifiers
appearing as a \grammarterm{token} or \grammarterm{preprocessing-token}
are reserved for use by \Cpp{}
implementations and shall
not be used otherwise; no diagnostic is required.
\begin{itemize}
\item
Each identifier that contains a double underscore
\tcode{\unun}
\indextext{character!underscore}%
or begins with an underscore followed by
an uppercase letter
\indextext{uppercase}%
is reserved to the implementation for any use.
\item
Each identifier that begins with an underscore is
\indextext{character!underscore}%
reserved to the implementation for use as a name in the global namespace.%
\indextext{namespace!global}
\end{itemize}%
\indextext{identifier|)}
\rSec1[lex.key]{Keywords}
\begin{bnf}
\nontermdef{keyword}\br
\textnormal{any identifier listed in \tref{lex.key}}\br
\grammarterm{import-keyword}\br
\grammarterm{module-keyword}\br
\grammarterm{export-keyword}
\end{bnf}
\pnum
\indextext{keyword|(}%
The identifiers shown in \tref{lex.key} are reserved for use
as keywords (that is, they are unconditionally treated as keywords in
phase 7) except in an \grammarterm{attribute-token}\iref{dcl.attr.grammar}.
\begin{note}
The \keyword{register} keyword is unused but
is reserved for future use.
\end{note}
\begin{multicolfloattable}{Keywords}{lex.key}
{lllll}
\keyword{alignas} \\
\keyword{alignof} \\
\keyword{asm} \\
\keyword{auto} \\
\keyword{bool} \\
\keyword{break} \\
\keyword{case} \\
\keyword{catch} \\
\keyword{char} \\
\keyword{char8_t} \\
\keyword{char16_t} \\
\keyword{char32_t} \\
\keyword{class} \\
\keyword{concept} \\
\keyword{const} \\
\keyword{consteval} \\
\keyword{constexpr} \\
\columnbreak
\keyword{constinit} \\
\keyword{const_cast} \\
\keyword{continue} \\
\keyword{co_await} \\
\keyword{co_return} \\
\keyword{co_yield} \\
\keyword{decltype} \\
\keyword{default} \\
\keyword{delete} \\
\keyword{do} \\
\keyword{double} \\
\keyword{dynamic_cast} \\
\keyword{else} \\
\keyword{enum} \\
\keyword{explicit} \\
\keyword{export} \\
\keyword{extern} \\
\columnbreak
\keyword{false} \\
\keyword{float} \\
\keyword{for} \\
\keyword{friend} \\
\keyword{goto} \\
\keyword{if} \\
\keyword{inline} \\
\keyword{int} \\
\keyword{long} \\
\keyword{mutable} \\
\keyword{namespace} \\
\keyword{new} \\
\keyword{noexcept} \\
\keyword{nullptr} \\
\keyword{operator} \\
\keyword{private} \\
\keyword{protected} \\
\columnbreak
\keyword{public} \\
\keyword{register} \\
\keyword{reinterpret_cast} \\
\keyword{requires} \\
\keyword{return} \\
\keyword{short} \\
\keyword{signed} \\
\keyword{sizeof} \\
\keyword{static} \\
\keyword{static_assert} \\
\keyword{static_cast} \\
\keyword{struct} \\
\keyword{switch} \\
\keyword{template} \\
\keyword{this} \\
\keyword{thread_local} \\
\keyword{throw} \\
\columnbreak