@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+def do_twice(f, a):
+    f(a)
+    f(a)
+
+def print_spam():
+    print('spam')
+
+def print_twice(bruce):
+    print(bruce)
+    print(bruce)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    do_twice(print_twice, 'spam')
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+def print_mais():
+    print('+', end = ' ')
+
+def print4traco():
+    print('-'*4, end = ' ')
+
+def print1pipe():
+    print('|', end = ' ')
+
+def print1espaco():
+    print(' ', end = ' ')
+
+def print4espaco():
+    print(' '*4, end = ' ')
+
+def linha_traco():
+    print_mais()
+    print4traco()
+
+def linha_espaco():
+    print1pipe()
+    print4espaco()
+
+def do_four(f):
+    f()
+    f()
+    f()
+    f()
+
+def linha4brancopipe():
+    do_four(linha_espaco)
+    print1pipe()
+    print('\n')
+
+def draw_grid():
+    do_four(linha_traco)
+    print_mais()
+    print('\n')
+    do_four(linha4brancopipe)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    do_four(draw_grid)
+    do_four(linha_traco)
+    print_mais()
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+def right_justify(s):
+    print(((70 - len(s))*' ')+s)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    print('right-justify\ninput a string: ')
+    inps = input()
+    right_justify(inps)