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pakana

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Finnish

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Etymology

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From Proto-Finnic *pakana (compare Estonian pagan),[1] borrowed from Slavic,[2] probably from Old East Slavic поганъ (poganŭ), from Latin pāgānus.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈpɑkɑnɑ/, [ˈpɑ̝kɑ̝nɑ̝]
  • Rhymes: -ɑkɑnɑ
  • Syllabification(key): pa‧ka‧na
  • Hyphenation(key): pa‧ka‧na

Noun

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pakana

  1. pagan; heathen; gentile

Declension

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Inflection of pakana (Kotus type 12/kulkija, no gradation)
nominative pakana pakanat
genitive pakanan pakanoiden
pakanoitten
partitive pakanaa pakanoita
illative pakanaan pakanoihin
singular plural
nominative pakana pakanat
accusative nom. pakana pakanat
gen. pakanan
genitive pakanan pakanoiden
pakanoitten
pakanain rare
partitive pakanaa pakanoita
inessive pakanassa pakanoissa
elative pakanasta pakanoista
illative pakanaan pakanoihin
adessive pakanalla pakanoilla
ablative pakanalta pakanoilta
allative pakanalle pakanoille
essive pakanana pakanoina
translative pakanaksi pakanoiksi
abessive pakanatta pakanoitta
instructive — pakanoin
comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of pakana (Kotus type 12/kulkija, no gradation)
first-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative pakanani pakanani
accusative nom. pakanani pakanani
gen. pakanani
genitive pakanani pakanoideni
pakanoitteni
pakanaini rare
partitive pakanaani pakanoitani
inessive pakanassani pakanoissani
elative pakanastani pakanoistani
illative pakanaani pakanoihini
adessive pakanallani pakanoillani
ablative pakanaltani pakanoiltani
allative pakanalleni pakanoilleni
essive pakananani pakanoinani
translative pakanakseni pakanoikseni
abessive pakanattani pakanoittani
instructive — —
comitative — pakanoineni
second-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative pakanasi pakanasi
accusative nom. pakanasi pakanasi
gen. pakanasi
genitive pakanasi pakanoidesi
pakanoittesi
pakanaisi rare
partitive pakanaasi pakanoitasi
inessive pakanassasi pakanoissasi
elative pakanastasi pakanoistasi
illative pakanaasi pakanoihisi
adessive pakanallasi pakanoillasi
ablative pakanaltasi pakanoiltasi
allative pakanallesi pakanoillesi
essive pakananasi pakanoinasi
translative pakanaksesi pakanoiksesi
abessive pakanattasi pakanoittasi
instructive — —
comitative — pakanoinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative pakanamme pakanamme
accusative nom. pakanamme pakanamme
gen. pakanamme
genitive pakanamme pakanoidemme
pakanoittemme
pakanaimme rare
partitive pakanaamme pakanoitamme
inessive pakanassamme pakanoissamme
elative pakanastamme pakanoistamme
illative pakanaamme pakanoihimme
adessive pakanallamme pakanoillamme
ablative pakanaltamme pakanoiltamme
allative pakanallemme pakanoillemme
essive pakananamme pakanoinamme
translative pakanaksemme pakanoiksemme
abessive pakanattamme pakanoittamme
instructive — —
comitative — pakanoinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative pakananne pakananne
accusative nom. pakananne pakananne
gen. pakananne
genitive pakananne pakanoidenne
pakanoittenne
pakanainne rare
partitive pakanaanne pakanoitanne
inessive pakanassanne pakanoissanne
elative pakanastanne pakanoistanne
illative pakanaanne pakanoihinne
adessive pakanallanne pakanoillanne
ablative pakanaltanne pakanoiltanne
allative pakanallenne pakanoillenne
essive pakanananne pakanoinanne
translative pakanaksenne pakanoiksenne
abessive pakanattanne pakanoittanne
instructive — —
comitative — pakanoinenne
third-person possessor
singular plural
nominative pakanansa pakanansa
accusative nom. pakanansa pakanansa
gen. pakanansa
genitive pakanansa pakanoidensa
pakanoittensa
pakanainsa rare
partitive pakanaansa pakanoitaan
pakanoitansa
inessive pakanassaan
pakanassansa 		pakanoissaan
pakanoissansa
elative pakanastaan
pakanastansa 		pakanoistaan
pakanoistansa
illative pakanaansa pakanoihinsa
adessive pakanallaan
pakanallansa 		pakanoillaan
pakanoillansa
ablative pakanaltaan
pakanaltansa 		pakanoiltaan
pakanoiltansa
allative pakanalleen
pakanallensa 		pakanoilleen
pakanoillensa
essive pakananaan
pakananansa 		pakanoinaan
pakanoinansa
translative pakanakseen
pakanaksensa 		pakanoikseen
pakanoiksensa
abessive pakanattaan
pakanattansa 		pakanoittaan
pakanoittansa
instructive — —
comitative — pakanoineen
pakanoinensa

Derived terms

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compounds

References

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  1. ^ Kallio, Petri (2020–), “*pakana”, in Yhteissuomalainen sanasto [Common Finnic Vocabulary]‎[1] (in Finnish)
  2. ^ Santeri Junttila, Petri Kallio, Sampsa Holopainen, Juha Kuokkala, Juho Pystynen, editors (2020–), “pakana”, in Suomen vanhimman sanaston etymologinen verkkosanakirja‎[2] (in Finnish), retrieved 23 August 2026

Further reading

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Anagrams

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Ingrian

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Etymology

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From Proto-Finnic *pakana, borrowed from Old East Slavic поганъ (poganŭ). Cognates include Finnish pakana and Estonian pagan.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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pakana

  1. heathen
  2. abomination (disgusting food)

Adjective

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pakana (comparative pakanamp)

  1. evil
  2. heathen

Declension

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Declension of pakana (type 3/kana, no gradation)
singular plural
nominative pakana pakanat
genitive pakanan pakanoin
partitive pakanaa pakanoja
illative pakanaa pakanoihe
inessive pakanaas pakanois
elative pakanast pakanoist
allative pakanalle pakanoille
adessive pakanaal pakanoil
ablative pakanalt pakanoilt
translative pakanaks pakanoiks
essive pakananna, pakanaan pakanoinna, pakanoin
exessive1) pakanant pakanoint
1) obsolete
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl)
**) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

References

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  • Fedor Tumansky (1790), “пагана”, in Опытъ повѣствованїя о дѣянїях, положенїи, состоянїи и раздѣленїи Санкт-Петербургской губернїи [An experiment of an account of the acts, location, condition and division of the Saint Petersburg gubernia], Краткїй словарь ижерскаго, финскаго, эстонскаго, чюдскаго, и ямскаго нарѣчїя съ россїйскимъ переводомъ [A short dictionary of the Ingrian, Finnish, Estonian, Chud and Yamtian dialects with a Russian translation], page 675
  • Ruben E. Nirvi (1971), Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 377

Makasar

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Etymology

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From pa- +‎ kana.

Verb

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pakana (Lontara spelling ᨄᨀᨊ or 𑻣𑻠𑻨)

  1. (transitive, causative) to let speak, to consult, to ask (someone's opinion or consent)
    Pakanai riolo tau toanu.
    Ask your parents first if they approve.
    (literally, “Let your parents speak first”)
    Kupakanai riolo bainengku.
    I will talk it over with my wife first.
    (literally, “I will let my wife speak first”)

Derived terms

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affixations
compounds

Further reading

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  • Cense, A. A. (1979), Makassaars-Nederlands woordenboek [Makasar-Dutch dictionary], 's-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN, page 286

Swahili

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Etymology

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    Inherited from Proto-Bantu [Term?].

    Pronunciation

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    • Audio (Kenya):(file)

    Verb

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    -pakana (infinitive kupakana)

    1. to border, to share a border

    Conjugation

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    Conjugation of -pakana
    Positive present -napakana
    Subjunctive -pakane
    Negative -pakani
    Imperative singular pakana
    Infinitives
    Positive kupakana
    Negative kutopakana
    Imperatives
    Singular pakana
    Plural pakaneni
    Tensed forms
    Habitual hupakana
    Positive past positive subject concord + -lipakana
    Negative past negative subject concord + -kupakana
    Positive present (positive subject concord + -napakana)
    Singular Plural
    1st person ninapakana/napakana tunapakana
    2nd person unapakana mnapakana
    3rd person m-wa(I/II) anapakana wanapakana
    other classes positive subject concord + -napakana
    Negative present (negative subject concord + -pakani)
    Singular Plural
    1st person sipakani hatupakani
    2nd person hupakani hampakani
    3rd person m-wa(I/II) hapakani hawapakani
    other classes negative subject concord + -pakani
    Positive future positive subject concord + -tapakana
    Negative future negative subject concord + -tapakana
    Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -pakane)
    Singular Plural
    1st person nipakane tupakane
    2nd person upakane mpakane
    3rd person m-wa(I/II) apakane wapakane
    other classes positive subject concord + -pakane
    Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -sipakane
    Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngepakana
    Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singepakana
    Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngalipakana
    Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singalipakana
    Gnomic (positive subject concord + -apakana)
    Singular Plural
    1st person napakana twapakana
    2nd person wapakana mwapakana
    3rd person m-wa(I/II) apakana wapakana
    m-mi(III/IV) wapakana yapakana
    ji-ma(V/VI) lapakana yapakana
    ki-vi(VII/VIII) chapakana vyapakana
    n(IX/X) yapakana zapakana
    u(XI) wapakana see n(X) or ma(VI) class
    ku(XV/XVII) kwapakana
    pa(XVI) papakana
    mu(XVIII) mwapakana
    Perfect positive subject concord + -mepakana
    "Already" positive subject concord + -meshapakana
    "Not yet" negative subject concord + -japakana
    "If/When" positive subject concord + -kipakana
    "If not" positive subject concord + -sipopakana
    Consecutive kapakana / positive subject concord + -kapakana
    Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -kapakane
    Object concord (indicative positive)
    Singular Plural
    1st person -nipakana -tupakana
    2nd person -kupakana -wapakana/-kupakaneni/-wapakaneni
    3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mpakana -wapakana
    m-mi(III/IV) -upakana -ipakana
    ji-ma(V/VI) -lipakana -yapakana
    ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kipakana -vipakana
    n(IX/X) -ipakana -zipakana
    u(XI) -upakana see n(X) or ma(VI) class
    ku(XV/XVII) -kupakana
    pa(XVI) -papakana
    mu(XVIII) -mupakana
    Reflexive -jipakana
    Relative forms
    General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -pakana- + relative marker)
    Singular Plural
    m-wa(I/II) -pakanaye -pakanao
    m-mi(III/IV) -pakanao -pakanayo
    ji-ma(V/VI) -pakanalo -pakanayo
    ki-vi(VII/VIII) -pakanacho -pakanavyo
    n(IX/X) -pakanayo -pakanazo
    u(XI) -pakanao see n(X) or ma(VI) class
    ku(XV/XVII) -pakanako
    pa(XVI) -pakanapo
    mu(XVIII) -pakanamo
    Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -pakana)
    Singular Plural
    m-wa(I/II) -yepakana -opakana
    m-mi(III/IV) -opakana -yopakana
    ji-ma(V/VI) -lopakana -yopakana
    ki-vi(VII/VIII) -chopakana -vyopakana
    n(IX/X) -yopakana -zopakana
    u(XI) -opakana see n(X) or ma(VI) class
    ku(XV/XVII) -kopakana
    pa(XVI) -popakana
    mu(XVIII) -mopakana
    Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

    Derived terms

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    Tagalog

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    Etymology

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    Etymology tree
    Proto-Austronesian *pa-
    Tagalog pa-
    Proto-Austronesian *kəNa
    Old Malay knā
    Malay kenabor.
    Tagalog kana
    Tagalog pakana

      From pa- + kana.

      Pronunciation

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      Noun

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      pakanâ (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜃᜈ)

      1. advantage; benefit
        Synonym: pakinabang
      2. determination
      3. goal; objective
        Synonym: layunin
      4. plot; evil scheme; conspiracy; stratagem
        Synonyms: masamang balak, kutsabahan
      5. (by extension) idea; invention
        Synonym: kaisipan
      6. intention to deceive
        Synonyms: daya, loko

      Derived terms

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      Anagrams

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      Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=pakana&oldid=93766609"