pa-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "pa"

Languages (22)

Albanian • Bemba • Cebuano • Chichewa • Czech • Hawaiian • Lakota • Lambya • Latvian • Lithuanian • Makasar • Mandan • Matengo • Mbukushu • Polish • Shona • Slovak • Sundanese • Swahili • Tagalog • Tumbuka • Volapük

Page categories

Albanian

Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *apa, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“off, away”). Cognate to Messapic [script needed] (apa, “from, out of, by”),[1] Ancient Greek ἀπό (apó, “away, off”), Sanskrit अप (apa).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /pa/

Prefix

pa-

A negating prefix; un-, in-

Derived terms

Bemba

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *pà- (“Class 16 noun prefix”).

Prefix

pa-

Class 16 noun prefix.

References

Reverend E. Hoch (1998), Bemba - English/English - Bemba‎^[2], Hippocrene Books, pages 212-213

Cebuano

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Austronesian *pa-

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pa-

Proto-Philippine *pa-

Cebuano pa-

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *pa-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pa-, from Proto-Austronesian *pa-.

Pronunciation

(Standard Cebuano) IPA^(key): /pa/ [pa]
Hyphenation: pa-

Prefix

pa- (Badlit spelling ᜉ)

derivational verb-forming prefix
1. to have the action of the root verb be ordered or requested
  ‎pa- + ‎saylo (“to go past something”) → ‎pasaylo (“to ask forgiveness; to apologize”)
2. to cause an object to have the qualities of the root adjective
3. to involve the root noun in performing the action
(with root reduplication) used to form verbs pretending that action
‎pa- + ‎patay (“dead”) → ‎papatay-patay (“to play dead”)
indication of direction
‎pa- + ‎ubos (“down”) → ‎paubos (“to lower”)

Derived terms

Chichewa

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /pa/

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *pá-

Prefix

pa-

Class 16 subject concord.

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *pà-

Prefix

pa-

Class 16 noun prefix

Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pa-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [pa ]

Prefix

pa-

pseudo-
Synonym: pseudo-

Derived terms

Czech terms prefixed with pa-

Hawaiian

Prefix

pa-

alternative spelling of pā-

Lakota

Prefix

pa-

Forms a dynamic verb from the attached stative verb
1. to have pressure applied; to be modified by force (i.e. by pushing or squeezing)
  paksá, papȟópa, pak'éǧa

Lambya

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *pà- (“Class 16 noun prefix”).

Prefix

pa-

Class 16 noun prefix.

Latvian

Prefix

pa-

Usually found on verbs (and their derived nouns or adjectives) with the meaning 'under' or 'for a short time' (like Lithuanian pa- or Russian по- (po-)).

Derived terms

Lithuanian

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *pa, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó (“off, away”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *po (“after, by”); see there for more.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [pɐ-]
Syllabification: pa-

Prefix

pa-

Comes along with po 'after', e.g. Grybšt pa-grybšt - grybšnis po grybšnio, bearing meanings 'after', 'definite', 'slight':
1. (with verbs expressing movement) Describes an action's movement under something; under-
2. (with verbs) Describes a briefly lasting action
3. (with verbs) Describes an action's smallness
4. (with verbs) Describes the ability or means to do something
5. (with verbs) Describes a meaning specific to the verb
6. (with nouns) Describes a place or thing that is under or near to
7. (with nouns) Describes approximate time

Derived terms

References

^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “po”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 368-9

Makasar

Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pa-, from Proto-Austronesian *pa-.

Prefix

pa-

causative prefix

Derived terms

Makasar terms prefixed with pa-

Mandan

Etymology

From Proto-Siouan *pa-. Compare Lakota pa-

Prefix

pa-

Instrumental prefix: by pushing; appears often in verbs relating to use of a cutting instrument.

Matengo

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *pà- (“Class 16 noun prefix”).

Prefix

pa-

Class 16 noun prefix.

References

Nobuko Yoneda (2006), A Classified Vocabulary of the Matengo Language‎^[4], Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, page xi

Mbukushu

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *pà- (“Class 16 noun prefix”).

Prefix

pa-

Class 16 noun prefix.

References

R.C.Wynne (1980), English-Mbukushu Dictionary‎^[5], Avebury Publishing Company Limited, page xviii

Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pa-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /pa/
Rhymes: -a
Syllabification: pa-

Prefix

pa-

(unproductive or dialectal, Przemyśl) affects the definition in various ways, mostly seen in inherited or borrowed words
‎pa- + ‎łęk → ‎pałąk

Derived terms

Polish terms prefixed with pa-

Shona

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *pà- (“Class 16 noun prefix”).

Prefix

pa-

Class 16 noun prefix.

References

M. Hannan, S.J. (1984), Standard Shona Dictionary: Revised Edition with Addendum‎^[7], Harare College Press, page x

Slovak

Prefix

pa-

pseudo-

Derived terms

Slovak terms prefixed with pa-

Sundanese

Alternative forms

pang-

Etymology

Perhaps from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pa- (“causative prefix”), from Proto-Austronesian *pa- (“causative prefix”).

Prefix

pa- (Sundanese spelling ᮕᮃᮃ-)

noun-forming suffix
1. noun-forming suffix denoting a tool/instrument
  ‎pa- + ‎ambung → ‎pangambung (“nose”)
2. noun-forming suffix denoting an actor
  ‎pa- + ‎mayang → ‎pamayang (“fisher”)
3. noun-forming suffix denoting a patient
  ‎pa- + ‎parin → ‎paparin (“gift”)
verb or adjective-forming prefix indicating an action done to another at the same time (reciprocal construction)
‎pa- + ‎béntar (“lightning bolt”) → ‎pabéntar (“to disagree with each other”)

‎pa- + ‎anggang → ‎paanggang (“to be separated from each other”)

‎pa- + ‎amprok → ‎paamprok (“to meet each other”)

‎pa- + ‎beulit → ‎pabeulit (“entangled”)

Usage notes

If the root words are reduplicated, it can convey the sense of competition done to another. For example:^[1]
‎pa- + ‎pinter → ‎papinter-pinter (“to engage in a battle of wits”)

‎pa- + ‎bisa → ‎pabisa-bisa (“to compete based on skill”)

Derived terms

Sundanese terms prefixed with pa-

References

^ D. K. Ardiwinata (1984) [1916], Ayatrohaedi, transl., Tata Bahasa Sunda (ILDEP)‎^[1] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, translation of Elmoening Basa Soenda pikeun pangadjaran di sakola2, djiiid I, page 95

Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*pa-”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

Swahili

Pronunciation

(Unguja standard) IPA^(key): /pɑ/
Audio (Kenya): (file)

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Sabaki *pa-, from Proto-Bantu *pà-.

In Sabaki, cognate with Ngazidja Comorian pva- and Digo pha-. Other Bantu cognates include Rwanda-Rundi ha- and Shona pa-.

Alternative forms

p- (before vowels)

Prefix

pa-

pa class_(XVI) adjective agreement prefix, denoting position at a place

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *pá-.

Prefix

pa-

there, pa class_(XVI) subject concord
verb-initial form of -pa- (“there, pa class_(XVI) object concord”)

Etymology 3

Prefix

pa-

contraction of pa- +‎ -a-, literally “pa class_(XVI) gnomic”

Tagalog

Pronunciation

(Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /pa/ [pɐ]
Syllabification: pa-

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Austronesian *pa- (causative prefix).

Prefix

pa- (Baybayin spelling ᜉ)

adverbial prefix - indicates process of performing the action of the verb
‎pa- + ‎punta (“destination”) → ‎papunta (“be coming/ be going/ be arriving/ be on the way”)

‎pa- + ‎tapos (“end”) → ‎patapos (“be about to end”)

Patapos na ang pelikula.
The movie is about to end.
noun prefix - indicates an object that is ordered or requested to be processed according to the root word
‎pa- + ‎dala (“carry”) → ‎padala (“remittance/ package [an object that is requested to be brought or sent]”)

‎pa- + ‎piging (“a banquet”) → ‎papiging (“a banquet that is organized by someone [usually followed by "ng organization" or "ni name of person"]”)
(informal) indication of direction
Pa-Espanya ako.
I'm heading for Spain.

Derived terms

Tagalog terms prefixed with pa-

Etymology 2

Prefix

pa- (Baybayin spelling ᜉ)

(informal) apheretic form of magpa-
Pagaling ka!
Get well!

Etymology 3

Prefix

pa- (Baybayin spelling ᜉ)

(informal) reduced form of paki-
Patapon naman 'to sa basurahan.
Could you please throw this to the trash can?

Anagrams

AP

Tumbuka

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *pà-

Prefix

pa-

Class 16 noun prefix.

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *pá-

Prefix

pa-

Class 16 subject concord.

Volapük

Prefix

pa-

Used to form the (present infinitive and present tense) passive voice forms of verbs.
numön (“to count”) → panumön (“to be counted”)

[1] Derksen, Rick (2015), “po”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 368-9

[2] D. K. Ardiwinata (1984) [1916], Ayatrohaedi, transl., Tata Bahasa Sunda (ILDEP)‎^[1] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, translation of Elmoening Basa Soenda pikeun pangadjaran di sakola2, djiiid I, page 95

[1]

[1]

class	subject concord		object concord	relative
class	affirmative	negative	object concord	relative
m_(I)	a-, yu-	ha-, hayu-	-m-, -mw-, -mu-	-ye
wa_(II)	wa-	hawa-	-wa-	-o
m_(III)	u-	hau-	-u-	-o
mi_(IV)	i-	hai-	-i-	-yo
ji_(V)	li-	hali-	-li-	-lo
ma_(VI)	ya-	haya-	-ya-	-yo
ki_(VII)	ki-	haki-	-ki-	-cho
vi_(VIII)	vi-	havi-	-vi-	-vyo
n_(IX)	i-	hai-	-i-	-yo
n_(X)	zi-	hazi-	-zi-	-zo
u_(XI)	u-	hau-	-u-	-o
ku_(XV/XVII)	ku-	haku-	-ku-	-ko
pa_(XVI)	pa-	hapa-	-pa-	-po
mu_(XVIII)	m-, mw-, mu-	ham-, hamw-, hamu-	-mu-	-mo

Albanian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Bemba

Etymology

Prefix

References

Cebuano

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Further reading

Chichewa

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Prefix

Etymology 2

Prefix

Czech

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Further reading

Hawaiian

Prefix

Lakota

Prefix

Lambya

Etymology

Prefix

Latvian

Prefix

Derived terms

Lithuanian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

References

Makasar

Etymology

Prefix

Derived terms

Mandan

Etymology

Prefix

Matengo

Etymology

Prefix

References

Mbukushu

Etymology

Prefix

References

Polish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Further reading

Shona

Etymology

Prefix

References

Slovak

Prefix

Derived terms

Further reading

Sundanese

Alternative forms

Etymology

Prefix

Usage notes

Derived terms

References

Further reading