ki-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ki"

Translingual

Prefix

ki-

2. Nonstandard form of Ki- (“kibi-”)

Choctaw

Prefix

kī- (before vowels kil-, class N first-person plural)

1. the subject of a hortative verb

   let us

2. the subject of a negative active transitive verb

   we don't

3. the subject of a negative active intransitive verb

   we don't

Inflection

Choctaw person markers

			class I			class II		class III		class N		imperative
			+s	+C	+V	+C/i	+a/o	+C	+V	+C	+V	+C	+V
first-person	singular	initial	-li			sa-	si-	a̱-	am-	ak-		n/a
		medial						-sa-	-sam-
	paucal		ī-		il-	pi-		pi̱-	pim-	kī-	kil-
	plural					hapi-		hapi̱-	hapim-
second-person	singular		is-	ish-		chi-		chi̱-	chim-	chik-		–
	plural		has-	hash-		hachi-		hachi̱-	hachim-	hachik-		ho-	oh-
third-person	all		–			–		i̱-	im-	ik-		–

Esperanto

Etymology

From interrogative and relative pronouns of European languages, such as French (qui, que, quoi, quel, quand, comment, combien), Italian (che), Russian (кто, как, какой, куда, когда).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ki/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -i
• Syllabification: ki-

Prefix

ki-

1. wh-, what (interrogative/relative correlative prefix)

Derived terms

• kiu (“which one, who, which/what (with a noun)”)
• kio (“what (without a noun)”)
• kia (“what kind of, what a ...!”)
• kies (“whose”)
• kiel (“how, to what degree”)
• kie (“where”)
• kiam (“when”)
• kiom (“how much”)
• kial (“why”)

Haitian Creole

Prefix

ki-

1. what, which (interrogative prefix)

Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈki]

• Audio:

  (file)

Prefix

ki-

1. (verbal prefix) It indicates actions with outward direction or actions aiming fulfillment.

   megy (“to go”) → kimegy (“to exit, to go out”)

2. construed with magát and definite conjugation of originally intransitive verbs: to one's heart's content, as much as one wants or needs

   alszik (“to sleep”) → kialussza magát (“to get enough sleep”)

   pihen (“to rest”) → kipiheni magát (“to have enough rest”)

   úszik (“to swim”) → kiússza magát (“to have enough swim”)

   beszél (“to speak”) → kibeszéli magát (“to say everything that weighs on one’s mind”)

   sír (“to cry, weep”) → kisírja magát (“to cry/weep enough until achieving relief”)

   mozog (“to move”) → kimozogja magát (“to move enough so that one is pleasantly tired”)

Derived terms

Hungarian verbs prefixed with ki-

kiad

kialakít

kialakul

kialszik

kiábrándít

kiábrándul

kiáll

kiállít

kiárusít

kibeszél

kibír

kibocsát

kibogoz

kibombáz

kibővít

kicsavar

kicserél

kicsomagol

kicsontoz

kiderít

kiderül

kidolgoz

kiegészít

kiejt

kielégít

kiemel

kienged

kiesik

kiég

kiértékel

kifejez

kifejleszt

kifejt

kifiguráz

kifizet

kifogy

kifolyik

kifon

kifoszt

kifut

kigúnyol

kigyógyít

kihagy

kihal

kihallgat

kihangosít

kihasznál

kihat

kiherél

kihirdet

kihív

kihúz

kiindul

kiirt

kiír

kijavít

kijelent

kijelöl

kijön

kikapar

kikapcsol

kiken

kikeres

kikérdez

kikölcsönöz

kiköp

kiközösít

kiküld

kiküszöböl

kilát

kilehel

kilélegez

kilélegzik

kilép

kilopakodik

kimagaslik

kimarad

kimegy

kiment

kimer

kimerít

kimerül

kimond

kimutat

kimúlik

kinagyít

kinevez

kinéz

kinyit

kiolt

kiöltözik

kiönt

kipárnáz

kipécéz

kipróbál

kipukkad

kipusztul

kirabol

kirak

kirándul

kirekeszt

kirúg

kisimít

kisípol

kiszabadul

kiszakít

kiszalad

kiszáll

kiszámít

kiszenved

kiszeret

kiszolgál

kitagad

kitakarít

kitalál

kitart

kitálal

kiterjed

kiterjeszt

kitesz

kitépked

kitilt

kitölt

kitör

kitüntet

kitűnik

kitűz

kiújul

kiúszik

kiűzetik

kivan

kiválaszt

kiválik

kivált

kivándorol

kiver

kivesz

kivet

kivezet

kivégez

kivisz

kivizsgál

kivív

kivon

kivonul

kizár

kizsákmányol

See also

• Appendix:Hungarian verbal prefixes

References

• Hungarian verb prefixes in the English Wikipedia

Japanese

Romanization

ki-

1. Rōmaji transcription of き

Kongo

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *kɪ̀-.

Prefix

ki- (plural bi-)

1. class 7 prefix
2. class 7 subject concord
3. used to form name of languages
4. used to form name of villages

Makasar

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ki]

Pronoun

ki- (clitic, Lontara spelling ᨀᨗ or 𑻠𑻳)

1. we (first person plural inclusive)
2. you (polite second person singular and plural)

See also

Makasar free and bound pronouns

	independent	absolutive	nominative	possessive
1st sg / 1st pl exclusive	nakke	-a'	ku-	-ku
1st pl exclusive (archaic)	kambe	-kang	ki-	-mang
1st pl inclusive / 2nd sg polite	katte	-ki'	ki-	-ta
2nd sg / pl familiar	kau	-ko	nu-	-nu
3rd sg / pl	ia	-i	na-	-na

Old High German

Prefix

ki-

1. (Bavarian) alternative form of gi-

Pipil

Pronunciation

• (Standard) IPA^(key): /ɣi/

Prefix

ki-

1. (personal) it, her, him, third-person singular object marker.

   Te kikak aka

   Nobody heard it/him/her

Usage notes

• When the prefix "-ki-" is being preceded by a subject marker o followed by an initial "i" in the verb, it loses its own i and becomes just "-k-", as in this example:

Nikneki se kinia

I want (it) a banana

See also

Pipil verb object markers

			singular	plural
1st person			nech-	tech-
2nd person			metz-	metzin-
3rd person			ki-	kin-

• yaja (personal pronoun)

Swahili

Other scripts
Ajami	كِـ

Pronunciation

• Audio (Kenya):

  (file)

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Sabaki *ki-, from Proto-Bantu *kɪ̀-.

In Sabaki, cognate with Ngazidja Comorian hi- ~ i- and Digo chi-. Other Bantu cognates include Rwanda-Rundi ki- and Zulu si-.

Alternative forms

• ch-

Prefix

ki- (plural<cat:diminutive prefixes> vi-)

1. ki class_(VII) noun prefix and adjective agreement prefix, denoting mostly artefacts (objects made by humans) and people or objects with physical defects

   kitu kizuri ― a nice thing

   kilema ― a crippled person

   1. diminutive prefix

      ‎ki- + ‎mtoto (“child”) → ‎kitoto (“baby”)

2. prefix used to derive adverbs from nouns describing human qualities

   ‎ki- + ‎mtoto (“child”) → ‎kitoto (“childishly”)

   ‎ki- + ‎-shenzi (“barbarous”) → ‎kishenzi (“like a barbarian”)

   1. forms the name of a language

      ‎ki- + ‎Arabic سَوَاحِل (sawāḥil, “coastal dwellers”) → ‎Kiswahili (“Swahili language”)

      ‎ki- + ‎Uingereza (“England”) → ‎Kiingereza (“English language”)

3. (prefixed to an entire noun, including its class prefix) adverbial prefix

   ‎ki- + ‎mapenzi (“love”) → ‎kimapenzi (“romantically”)

   • 2022, Muungano wa Tanganyika na Zanzibar: Chimbuko, Misingi na Maendeleo, Serikali ya Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania, →ISBN:

     […] mwingiliano wa miaka mingi kibiashara, kijamii na kiutamaduni katika nchi hizi mbili.

     […] many years of interaction, commercially, societally, and culturally, between these two countries.

4. (prefixed to reduplicated locative word) adverbial prefix

   ‎ki- + ‎juu (“top, surface”) → ‎kijuujuu (“superficially”)

Usage notes

Adverbs derived with this prefix are often used as adjectives with a preceding -a:

‎-a + ‎ki- + ‎mke (“woman”) → ‎-a kike (“female”)

‎-a + ‎ki- + ‎mataifa (“nations”) → ‎-a kimataifa (“international”)

See also

• Appendix:Swahili noun classes

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *kɪ́-.

Prefix

ki-

1. it, ki class_(VII) subject concord
   • 18th century, Abdallah bin Ali bin Nasir, Al-Inkishafi‎^[1], stanza 14:

     نِكَمَ كِسِمَ كِسِگُ وُمْبِّ ، كِنْيِ مْتَپَاءَ مَانَ وَغُمْبِ

     Ni-kama kisima kisicho ombe, chenye mta-paa mwana wa-ng'ombe,

     It is like a shallow well where charges a young bull;

   • 1973, Mohammed S. Abdulla, Duniani kuna watu, page 3:

     […] na kichwa chake kiwazi kilituonyesha nywele zilizochanwa na kupasuliwa njia katikati.

     […] and his uncovered head showed us combed hair with a middle part.

2. verb-initial form of -ki- (“it, ki class_(VII) object concord”)

See also

Swahili verbal concords (third person)

class	subject concord		object concord	relative
	affirmative	negative
m(I)	a-, yu-	ha-, hayu-	-m-, -mw-, -mu-	-ye
wa(II)	wa-	hawa-	-wa-	-o
m(III)	u-	hau-	-u-	-o
mi(IV)	i-	hai-	-i-	-yo
ji(V)	li-	hali-	-li-	-lo
ma(VI)	ya-	haya-	-ya-	-yo
ki(VII)	ki-	haki-	-ki-	-cho
vi(VIII)	vi-	havi-	-vi-	-vyo
n(IX)	i-	hai-	-i-	-yo
n(X)	zi-	hazi-	-zi-	-zo
u(XI)	u-	hau-	-u-	-o
ku(XV/XVII)	ku-	haku-	-ku-	-ko
pa(XVI)	pa-	hapa-	-pa-	-po
mu(XVIII)	m-, mw-, mu-	ham-, hamw-, hamu-	-mu-	-mo

For a full table including first and second person,
see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns

Tooro

Alternative forms

• (before vowels) ky-

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *kɪ́-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ki-/, [ci-]

Prefix

ki-

1. class 7 pronominal concord

   ‎ki- + ‎-nu (“this, these”) → ‎kinu (“this (class 7)”)

2. it; class 7 subject concord

   ‎ki- + ‎-kora (“to do”) → ‎kikora (“it (class 7) does”)

3. positive imperative form of -ki- (“it; class 7 object concord”)

   ‎ki- + ‎-ha (“to give”) → ‎kiha (“give it (class 7)”)

See also

Tooro personal pronouns

class	person	independent	possessive	subject concord	object concord	combined forms
						na	ni
class 1	first	nyowe, nye	-ange	n-	-n-	nanyowe, nanye	ninyowe, ninye
	second	iwe	-awe	o-	-ku-	naiwe	niiwe
	third	uwe	-e	a-	-mu-	nawe	nuwe
class 2	first	itwe	-aitu	tu-	-tu-	naitwe	niitwe
	second	inywe	-anyu	mu-	-ba-	nainywe	niinywe
	third	bo	-abo	ba-	-ba-	nabo	nubo
class 3		gwo	-agwo	gu-	-gu-	nagwo	nugwo
class 4		yo	-ayo	e-	-gi-	nayo	niyo
class 5		lyo	-alyo	li-	-li-	nalyo	niryo
class 6		go	-ago	ga-	-ga-	nago	nugo
class 7		kyo	-akyo	ki-	-ki-	nakyo	nikyo
class 8		byo	-abyo	bi-	-bi-	nabyo	nibyo
class 9		yo	-ayo	e-	-gi-	nayo	niyo
class 10		zo	-azo	zi-	-zi-	nazo	nizo
class 11		rwo	-arwo	ru-	-ru-	narwo	nurwo
class 12		ko	-ako	ka-	-ka-	nako	nuko
class 13		two	-atwo	tu-	-tu-	natwo	nutwo
class 14		bwo	-abwo	bu-	-bu-	nabwo	nubwo
class 15		kwo	-akwo	ku-	-ku-	nakwo	nukwo
class 16		ho	-aho	ha-	-ha-	naho	nuho
class 17		(kwo)	N/A	ha- (...-yo)	-ha-	N/A	nukwo
class 18		(mwo)	-amwo	ha- (...-mu)	-ha-	N/A	numwo
reflexive		-enyini, -onyini	—		-e-	—

References

• Kaji, Shigeki (2007), A Rutooro Vocabulary‎^[2], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 414

Wailaki

Etymology 1

Compare with Navajo ho-, hw-, Hupa xo-, and Ahtna ko-, ku-.

Prefix

ki-

1. Marks an areal verbal subject

Related terms

Subject prefixes

	singular	plural
1st person	sh-, i-	di-
2nd person	n-	oh-
3rd person	∅-
3rd person obviate	yi-
Indefinite	chʼi-, ʼ-
Areal	ki-

References

• Begay, Kayla Rae (2017), Wailaki Grammar, University of California, Berkeley, page 166

Etymology 2

Prefix

ki-

1. Marks an indefinite possessor or object of a postposition.

   ‎-siʼ (“head”) + ‎ki- → ‎kisiʼ (“one's head”)

See also

Wailaki possessive/prepositional prefixes

	singular	plural
1st person	shi-	ŋhoh-
2nd person	ni-	ŋhoh-
3rd person	bi-
Reflexive	ʼaa-
Indefinite	ki-
Thematic	kyʼi-
Obviative	yidi-
Reciprocal	ł-

References

• Begay, Kayla Rae (2017), Wailaki Grammar, University of California, Berkeley, page 220

Ye'kwana

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ki-]

Prefix

ki-

1. Allomorph of k- (first-person-dual-inclusive non-transitive-agent prefix) used for stems that begin with a consonant and have a first vowel i.
2. Allomorph of k- (first-person-dual-inclusive transitive agent prefix) used for stems that begin with two consonants.

Inflection

Ye'kwana personal markers

pronoun noun possessor/ series II verb argument postposition object series I verb argument transitive patient intransitive patient-like intransitive agent-like transitive agent first person ewü y-, ∅-, ü-, u-1 w-, wi- first person dual inclusive küwü k-, kü-, ku-, ki- k-, kii-, ki-1 second person amödö ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- m-, mi- first person dual exclusive nña y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-1 chö- ∅- n-, ni- third person tüwü n-, ni- distant past third person — kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- coreferential/reflexive — t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- — reciprocal — — öö- With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable. series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient 1st person > 2nd person mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- 1st person dual exclusive > 2nd person 2nd person > 1st person k-, kü-, ku-, ki- 2nd person > 1st person dual exclusive 3rd person > any person X …or… any person X > 3rd person see person X in the chart above