doch

See also: Doch, do'ch, and dôch

Bavarian

Alternative forms

• do

Etymology

From Middle High German doch, from Old High German doh, from Proto-West Germanic *þauh, from Proto-Germanic *þauh. Cognates include German doch, Dutch doch, Yiddish דאָך (dokh), Luxembourgish dach, English though, Old Norse þó, Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐌷 (þauh).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d̥oːx/, [-χ]
• Rhymes: -oːx

Adverb

doch

1. Expresses a contrast
   1. Contradicts what may be believed and/or emphasises a certainty: certainly, but, really, just (always unstressed)

      Mia san doch koane Trottln. ― We certainly are no idiots.

      Des Gschäft håd doch zuagsparrt. ― But the shop has closed down.

      Den kenn i doch! ― I do know him.

      I wui doch nur wissa, wo's då auße geht. ― I really just want to know where the exit is.

   2. Emphasis on a different outcome than expected: after all, in the end (always stressed)

      Mia san doch koane Trottln. ― We are no idiots after all.

      Des Gschäft håd doch zugsparrt. ― The shop has closed down after all.

      I håb's versuacht, åwa dånn doch ned gschåfft. ― I've tried, but in the end I failed.

Dutch

Etymology

From Middle Dutch doch, from Old Dutch thoh, from Proto-West Germanic *þauh, from Proto-Germanic *þauh.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dɔx/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɔx
• Hyphenation: doch
• Homophone: dog

Conjunction

doch

1. (formal or dated) yet, but, still, on the contrary, no, yes
2. (formal or dated) but rather

Synonyms

• edoch

Descendants

• Negerhollands: doch, dog
• → Papiamentu: doch, dò (dated)

German

Etymology

From Middle High German doch, from Old High German doh, from Proto-West Germanic *þauh, from Proto-Germanic *þauh. Cognate to Old English þēah (English though).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dɔx/ (standard)
• IPA^(key): /dɔ/, /do/ (chiefly southern Germany and Austria by influence of Bavarian; also in northern Germany in some positions, e.g. before nicht)

• Audio:

  (file)

• Audio (Germany (Berlin)):

  (file)

Particle

doch

2. (in response to a negative question or statement) yes; surely; really; on the contrary

   Das darfst du nicht sagen. — Doch!

   You can’t say that. — Yes, I can!

   Wirst du nicht kommen? — Doch!

   Aren't you going to come? — Yes, I am!

Conjunction

doch (coordinating)

1. though; yet; but; however; nevertheless

   Synonyms: aber, jedoch

   Ich wollte mir eine Bretzel kaufen, doch ich hatte kein Geld dabei.

   I wanted to buy a pretzel, but I didn't have any money with me.

Adverb

doch

1. after all; yet; however; nevertheless

   Ich bin gestern Abend doch nicht zu der Party gegangen.

   I didn't go to last night's party after all.

   • 1918, Elisabeth von Heyking, “Die Orgelpfeifen”, in Zwei Erzählungen, Leipzig: Phillipp Reclam jun. Verlag, page 35:

     Auf dem Bahnhof dann, in dem sich senkenden Nebel, ein Gewühl von Pferden und grauen Gestalten, das zuerst unentwirrbar schien und sich dann doch rasch ordnete.

     On the station then, in the sinking fog, a crowd of horses and gray characters that initially looked inextricable, but then put itself in order swiftly after all.

2. used for emphasis; really; just

   Du bist doch nicht ganz dicht!

   You're really out of your mind!

3. indicates proposal; why don't you/we

   Komm doch mal mit.

   Why don't you just come [with us]?

Usage notes

• (really, just): As an emphatic particle, doch often stresses a contrast or a certainty. It is used more frequently in German than its nearest English equivalents and is often best translated into English by rephrasing the surrounding sentence.

Descendants

• → Kashubian: doch
• → Slovincian: dôch

Further reading

• “doch” in Duden online
• “doch”, in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache‎^[1] (in German)

Kashubian

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *to-der.

Proto-Indo-European *-weder.

Proto-Germanic *þau

Proto-Indo-European *-kʷeder.

Proto-Germanic *-hw

Proto-Germanic *þauh

Proto-West Germanic *þauh

Old High German doh

Middle High German doch

German dochbor.

Kashubian doch

Borrowed from German doch. Compare Slovincian dôch.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈdɔx/
• Rhymes: -ɔx
• Syllabification: doch

Particle

doch

1. (emphasizes that previous statement truthfulness is obvious to the speaker) yet; though

   Synonyms: kò, tec, przecã

Adverb

doch (not comparable)

1. though; yet; but; however; nevertheless

Conjunction

doch

1. although, though
   • 1880, Hieronim Derdowski, O panu Czorlińscim co do Pucka po sece jachoł zełgoł dlo swojech druchow kaszubściech‎^[2], page 26:

     Począn stękac, choc doch nidze jego nie bolało.

     He started groaning, even though nowhere hurt him

Derived terms

verb

• dochowac

Further reading

• Stefan Ramułt (1893), “doχ”, in Słownik języka pomorskiego czyli kaszubskiego (in Kashubian), page 26
• Sychta, Bernard (1967), “doχ”, in Słownik gwar kaszubskich [Dictionary of Kashubian dialects] (in Polish), volumes 1 (A – Ǵ), Wrocław: Ossolineum, page 225
• Jan Trepczyk (1994), “przecież”, in Słownik polsko-kaszubski (in Kashubian), volumes 1–2
• Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011), “przecież”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎^[3]
• “doch”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022

Plautdietsch

Adverb

doch

1. still, yet
2. nevertheless