a-

See also: A-, A−, -a, -a-, á-, ā-, а-, and Appendix:Variations of "a"

Languages (75)

A-Pucikwar • Abau • Akan • Akawaio • Alemannic German • Beja • Catalan • Chavacano • Chichewa • Chickasaw • Choctaw • Copala Triqui • Cypriot Arabic • Danish • Dutch • Esperanto • Finnish • Franco-Provençal • French • Gabadi • Galician • German • Hanunoo • Indonesian • Irish • Italian • Japanese • Japhug • Lashi • Latin • Latvian • Lower Tanana • Middle French • Mohawk • Murui Huitoto • Navajo • Neapolitan • Northern Ndebele • Norwegian Bokmål • Norwegian Nynorsk • Old English • Old French • Old Galician-Portuguese • Old Irish • Old Javanese • Old Saxon • Old Spanish • Paraujano • Phuthi • Polish • Portuguese • Sardinian • Scots • Senhaja de Srair • Serbo-Croatian • Sicilian • Southern Ndebele • Spanish • Swahili • Swazi • Tagal Murut • Tagalog • Tashelhit • Tooro • Umbrian • Welsh • Xhosa • Yao (Africa) • Ye'kwana • Yola • Zazaki • Zou • Zulu

Page categories

Translingual

Etymology 1

From the Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-, “not, without”).

Prefix

a-

Used to form taxonomic names indicating a lack of some feature that might be expected

Etymology 2

Prefix

a-

(SI prefix) atto-

Derived terms

English

Etymology 1

From Middle English a- (“up, out, away”), from Old English ā-, originally *ar-, *or-, from Proto-West Germanic *uʀ-, from Proto-Germanic *uz- (“out-”), from Proto-Indo-European *uds- (“up, out”). Cognate with Old Saxon a-, German er-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ə/
Audio (US): (file)

Prefix

a-

(no longer productive) Forming verbs with the sense away, up, on, out.
arise, await
(no longer productive) Forming verbs with the sense of intensified action.
abide, amaze

Etymology 2

From Middle English a- (“on”), derived from unstressed Middle English an (“on”), from Old English an (“on”). See a (preposition, on, to, in, etc.)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ə/
Audio (US): (file)

Prefix

a-

(rare or no longer productive) In, on, at; used to show a state, condition, or manner. Also passing into sense 2.[First attested prior to 1150]^[1]
aglow, apace, afire, aboil, a-bling, abluster
(no longer productive) In, into. Also passing into sense 5.[First attested prior to 1150]^[1]
asunder
In the direction of, or toward. [First attested prior to 1150]^[1]
astern, abeam
(archaic or dialectal) At such a time. [First attested prior to 1150]^[1]
Come a-morning we are going hunting.
(archaic or dialectal) In the act or process of. Used in some dialects before a present participle. [First attested prior to 1150]^[1]
hits a-poppin

doins a-transpirin [doings a-transpiring]
- 1777, Thomas Arne, “A-Hunting We Will Go”:
- 1780, The Twelve Days of Christmas:
  The twelfth day of Christmas,
  
  My true love sent to me
  
  Twelve lords a-leaping,
  
  …
  
  Eight maids a-milking,
  
  Seven swans a-swimming,
  
  Six geese a-laying,
- circa 1850, Here We Come A-wassailing/Here We Come A-caroling
  Here we come a-wassailing
  
  Among the leaves so green;
  
  Here we come a-wand’ring
  
  So fair to be seen.
- 1939, Alfred Edward Housman, Additional Poems, XIII, lines 6-7:
  Oh waste no words a-wooing
  The soft sleep to your bed;
- 1947, A NORTH-COUNTY DUBLIN CLOSSARY:^[2]
  The hay is a-cutting now. You're a-wanting.
- 1964, Bob Dylan, "The Times They Are a-Changin' " (recorded 1963, released 1964):
  The order is rapidly fadin'
  
  And the first one now will later be last
  
  For the times they are a-changin'
- circa 1970, bumper sticker:^[3]
  If the van’s a-rockin’, don’t come a-knockin’.

Usage notes

Adjectives formed with this prefix are often restricted to predicative use, owing to their origin as prepositional phrases with the preposition "on". For example, one may say "the ship is afire", but not "the afire ship", just as one may say "the ship is on fire", but not "the on fire ship".

Etymology 3

From Middle English a-, a variant form of y-, from Old English ġe-, from Proto-West Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“with”).

Alternative forms

i-

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ə/
Audio (US): (file)

Prefix

a-

(archaic and dialectal) Alternative form of y-. In dialect, it is sometimes conflated with sense 5 of the previous definition, and is used as a general indicator of a participle. [First attested around 1150 to 1350 (Middle English).]^[1]
aware, alike
(Devon) Used to form the past participle of a verb.
I have a-gone.

I have a-seen a bird.

Etymology 4

From Anglo-Norman a-, from Old French e-, from Latin ex-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ə/
Audio (US): (file)

Prefix

a-

(no longer productive) Forming words with the sense of wholly, or utterly out. [First attested from around 1150 to 1350.]^[1]
abash

Etymology 5

From Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-), preconsonantal form of ἀν- (an-). Distant doublet of un-.

Pronunciation

(Received Pronunciation, General American, Canada) IPA^(key): /eɪ/
- Audio (US): (file)
(Australia, New Zealand) IPA^(key): /æɪ/
(Philippines) IPA^(key): /ə/, /a/ (not in atheist)

Prefix

a-

Not, without, opposite of.
amoral, asymmetry, atheism, asexual, acyclic, atypical
- 1948 (revised 1952), Robert Graves, The White Goddess, Faber & Faber 1999, page 7:
  When invited to believe in the Chimaera, the horse-centaurs, or the winged horse Pegasus, all of them straightforward Pelasgian cult-symbols, a philosopher felt bound to reject them as a-zoölogical improbabilities [...].
- 2012, Faramerz Dabhoiwala, The Origins of Sex, Penguin, published 2013, page 191:
  If aroused outside the proper outlet of marriage, [female lust] could range out of control, turning its possessor into an a-feminine monster: that is what happened to fallen women.

Usage notes

This prefix is referred to as alpha privative.
Used with stems that begin with consonants except sometimes h. an- is synonymous and is used in front of words that start with vowels and sometimes h.^[4] For example, anesthetic and analgesic.

Synonyms

(not): an-, dys-, i-/il-/im-/in-/ir-, mal-, non-, un-

Derived terms

English terms prefixed with a- (not)

Translations

not, without, opposite of

Asturian: a-
Catalan: a- (ca)
Danish: -a
Dutch: a- (nl)
Finnish: a- (fi), epä- (fi)
French: a- (fr)
Galician: a- (gl)
German: a- (de)
Irish: a-
Italian: a- (it)
Latvian: a-
Norwegian:
Bokmål: a- (no)

Nynorsk: a-
Occitan: a-
Polish: a- (pl)
Portuguese: a- (pt)
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic: а-

Latin: a-
Spanish: a- (es), an- (es)
Turkish: a- (tr), ... karşıtı, -tanımaz, ... olmayan

Etymology 6

Assimilated form of ad- before b, sc, sp, st, and sometimes m. From Middle English a-, from Middle French a-, from Latin ad (“towards”).

Prefix

a-

(no longer productive) Towards; Used to indicate direction, reduction to, increase to, change into, or motion. [First attested from around 1150 to 1350.]^[1]
ascend, aspire, amass, abandon, avenue

Usage notes

Used on stems that started with sc, sp, or st, and also used on stems with a French origin.
Used in place of ad-.^[5]

Etymology 7

From Latin ab (“of, off, from, away”).

Prefix

a-

(no longer productive) Away from. [First attested from around 1150 to 1350.]^[1]
avert, aperient, abridge, assoil,^[4] assoilzie

Usage notes

Variation of the prefix ab-, only used when the stem starts with the letter p or v, ^[4] or (rarely) s in which case the s is doubled (as in assoil and assoilzie).

Etymology 8

From Middle English a-, o- (“of”). See a (preposition, of).

Prefix

a-

(no longer productive) Of, from. [First attested prior to 1150.]^[1]
anew, afresh, athirst^[4]

Usage notes

Different Germanic and Latinate senses of a- became confused (vaguely “intensive”) and are all unproductive. The Greek sense of “not” (e.g., amoral, asymmetry) remains in use.

"[I]t naturally happened that all these a- prefixes were at length confusedly lumped together in idea, and the resultant a- looked upon as vaguely intensive, rhetorical, euphonic [nice-sounding], or even archaic, and wholly otiose [pointless]." OED.

Etymology 9

Prefix

a-

Alternative form of -a (“empty syllable added to songs, poetry, verse and other speech”).
A-tisket a-tasket,
A green and yellow basket

Etymology 10

Prefix

a-

(Chester) Used as a prefix to verbs in the sense of remaining in the same condition.^[6] Actively doing something.
a-be, a-going

Let that choilt a-be, wilt ta? ― Let the child be! will you?^[6]

Derived terms

English terms prefixed with a-

abe

aby

Appendix:English dictionary-only terms

References

↑ ^1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 Brown, Lesley (2003)
^ J. J. Hogan and Patrick C. O'Neill (1947), “A NORTH-COUNTY DUBLIN GLOSSARY”, in Béaloideas‎^[1], volume 17, number 1/2, An Cumann Le Béaloideas Eireann/Folklore of lreland Society, page 263
^ See “Don’t Come A-Knockin’”, TV Tropes for more examples and discussion.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Urdang, Laurence (1984)
^ Lindberg, Christine A. (2007)
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Robert Holland, M.R.A.C., A Glossary of Words Used in the County of Chester, Part I--A to F., English Dialect Society, London, 1884, 1

Lesley Brown, editor-in-chief, William R. Trumble and Angus Stevenson, editors (2002), “a-”, in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles, 5th edition, Oxford; New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 1.
Christine A. Lindberg, editor (2002), “a-”, in The Oxford College Dictionary, 2nd edition, New York, N.Y.: Spark Publishing, →ISBN, page 1.
Laurence Urdang (editor), The Random House College Dictionary (Random House, 1984 [1975], →ISBN), page 1
Douglas Harper (2001–2026), “a-”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.

A-Pucikwar

Prefix

a-

prefix attached to words relating to the mouth, such as the names of languages

Abau

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /a-/

Prefix

a-

(directional) from a distance

References

SIL International (2020), “Abau Dictionary”, in Webonary.org‎^[2], archived from the original on 16 May 2025

Akan

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

(Asante)
- IPA^(key): /à̘-/, /à̙-/
- IPA^(key): /á̘-/, /á̙-/ (in second-person)
(Akuapem)
- IPA^(key): /á̘-/, /á̙-/ (in monosyllabic roots or in second-person)
- IPA^(key): /à̘-/, /à̙-/ (negative and in affirmative disyllabic roots)
(Fante)
- IPA^(key): /á̘-/, /á̙-/
- IPA^(key): /à̘-/, /à̙-/ (negative)

Prefix

a-

(affirmative) Marks perfect aspect.
Mate aseɛ.
I have understood.
(negative) Marks past tense.

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /à̘-/, /à̙-/

Prefix

a-

Marks the consecutive form.

Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

a-

A plural marker.

Etymology 4

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

a-

A nominalizer.

References

Emmanuel Kweku A. Osam (Dec 1994) Aspects of Akan Grammar -- A Functional Perspective (Thesis), page 59-60

Akawaio

Alternative forms

ay-

Pronoun

a-^[1]

(prefix, second-person verbal prefix), you
Aupakaꞌpʉ. ― You woke up.
(prefix, second-person noun prefix) your
Ayarokooi. ― Your hat.

References

^ Stegeman, Ray; Hunter, Rita (2014), Akawaio-English Dictionary and English-Akawaio Index, SIL International, page 18

Alemannic German

Prefix

a-

alternative form of aa-

Beja

Prefix

a-

positive active verbal first-person singular concord
Akwi ― I wore

Catalan

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-).

Prefix

a-

a- (not, without)
‎a- + ‎moral (“moral”) → ‎amoral (“amoral”)

Derived terms

Catalan terms prefixed with a-

Etymology 2

From Latin ad (“towards”).

Prefix

a-

used to make verbs from adjectives and nouns
‎a- + ‎feble (“weak”) → ‎afeblir (“to weaken”)

‎a- + ‎sabor (“taste”) → ‎assaborir (“to taste”)

Derived terms

Catalan terms prefixed with a-

Chavacano

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd

Proto-Italic *ad

Latin ad

Spanish abor.

Chavacano a-

From Spanish a.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /a/ [a]

Affix

a-

(Caviteño, Zamboangueño) at indicating time or date
Octubre a-3 kame abuya alli.
We will arrive there at the 3^th of October.

Cada a-quince el sueldo cada mes.
It is payday every 15^th of every month.

Chichewa

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /a/

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *bà-

Prefix

a-

Class 2 noun prefix.

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *à-

Prefix

a-

Class 1 subject concord.

Etymology 3

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *bá-

Prefix

a-

Class 2 subject concord.

Etymology 4

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *gá-

Prefix

a-

Class 6 subject concord.

Etymology 5

From a- (“they”) +‎ -a- (“past perfect infix”). Cognate with Tumbuka ŵa-

Prefix

a-

3rd person plural subject concord in the past perfect tense.
3rd person singular subject concord for conveying respect in the past perfect tense.

Etymology 6

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *báá-

Prefix

a-

Class 2 possessive concord.

Etymology 7

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *gáá-

Prefix

a-

Class 6 possessive concord.

Chickasaw

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Muskogean *a-. Compare Choctaw a-, Alabama a-, Creek v-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /a/

Prefix

a-

(unproductive) applicative verb prefix, generally increases valence by one; against
‎a- + ‎pichiffi (“to make splat”) → ‎apiichiffi (“to throw against something, causing it to splat”)

‎a- + ‎pisa (“to see”) → ‎apiisa (“to measure”)

‎a- + ‎kobaffi (“to break”) → ‎akoobaffi (“to break against”)

Usage notes

If the first syllable of the verb is of the form CV, the vowel of this syllable will be lengthened (if not already long) after being prefixed with a-.

Derived terms

Chickasaw terms prefixed with a-

References

Munro, Pamela; Willmond, Catherine (1994), Chickasaw: An Analytical Dictionary, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, →ISBN, page xlii-xliii

Choctaw

Alternative forms

ai- (preceding vowels)

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

a-

A nominative locative prefix appended to verbs to indicate a place where the verb is performed.
‎a- + ‎binili (“to sit”) → ‎abinili (“a chair”, literally “sitting-place”)

‎a- + ‎bʋska (“to gamble”) → ‎abʋska (“a casino”, literally “gambling-place”)

Copala Triqui

Prefix

a-

Verbal prefix denoting a process or change of state.
‎a- + ‎nocoꞌ (“to follow, to hang”) → ‎anocoꞌ (“to move down, to drain”)

‎a- + ‎nicunꞌ (“to be immobile”) → ‎anicunꞌ (“to stop”)

Derived terms

Copala Triqui terms prefixed with a-

anicunꞌ

References

Erickson de Hollenbach, Elena; Santillán Merino, Miguel; et al. (2010), Diccionario triqui-español y español triqui: Triqui de San Juan Copala‎^[3] (in Spanish), preliminary version, fourth edition, published August 2022, page 1

Cypriot Arabic

Prefix

a-

A verbal prefix used in the imperfect paradigm to express the polite imperative or the cohortative.
attaxtop! ― Do write!

attintúrna! ― Watch over us!

atxottúx! ― Do remember!

Usage notes

It triggers gemination of the following consonant.

References

Borg, Alexander (2004), A Comparative Glossary of Cypriot Maronite Arabic (Arabic–English) (Handbook of Oriental Studies; I.70), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 135

Danish

Etymology

From Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-, “not, without”), from Proto-Hellenic *ə- (“un-, not; without, lacking”), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥- (“not, un-”). Doublet of u-.

Compare an- (ἀν- (an-) immediately preceding a vowel).

Prefix

a-

a-, un- (not)
A- (atomic, nuclear)
Synonyms: atom-, A-

Alternative forms

an-

Derived terms

Danish terms prefixed with a-

Dutch

Etymology

From Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-) (ἀν- (an-) immediately preceding a vowel).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /aː/
Audio: (file)

Prefix

a-

a-: not, without, opposite of

Derived terms

Dutch terms prefixed with a-

Esperanto

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Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *né

Proto-Indo-European *n̥-

Proto-Hellenic *ə-

Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-)der.

Esperanto a-

Derived from Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-).

Prefix

a-

without, -less

Derived terms

Esperanto terms prefixed with a-

ateisto

Related terms

mal-, ne-, sen-

Finnish

Etymology

Internationalism (see English a-), ultimately from Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɑ-/, [ˈɑ̝-]

Prefix

a-

(in loanwords) a-, non-, un-
Synonym: epä-

Franco-Provençal

Etymology

Inherited from Latin ad-.

Prefix

a- (ORB)

Attaches to verbs, sometimes adding a sense of "toward".

Derived terms

Franco-Provençal terms prefixed with a-

French

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /a/
Audio (France (Lyon)): (file)

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old French a-, from Latin ad-.

Prefix

a-

A prefix forming words, especially verbs, that denote entering a state, making progress toward a goal, or the like.

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-) (ἀν- (an-) immediately preceding a vowel; generalized from the many Latin borrowings using this prefix.

Prefix

a-

a-, non-, -less

Derived terms

French terms prefixed with a-

Gabadi

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /a/

Prefix

a-

marks the first-person singular subject on a verb
‎a- + ‎dibaia (“to spear”) → ‎adibaia (“I speared it”)

‎a- + ‎'aniani (“to eat”) → ‎a'aniani (“I ate”)

‎a- + ‎rogae (“to jump”) → ‎arogae (“I jumped”)

Derived terms

Category Gabadi terms prefixed with a- not found

References

Oa, Morea and Ma`oni Paul. (November 2013). Tentative Grammar Description for the Gabadi language spoken in Central Province. Editor: Eileen Gasaway. [Unpublished manuscript/course material, Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea]. For the prefix a-, see page 23, section "5.1.1 Subject Marking".

Galician

Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese a-, from Latin ad-.

Prefix

a-

added to adjective X, forms verbs meaning to make/turn X
‎a- + ‎curto (“short”) + ‎-ar → ‎acurtar (“to shorten”)
added to noun X, forms verbs meaning to cause or make X or to cause something to have X
‎a- + ‎fervor (“passion”) + ‎-ar → ‎afervoar (“to excite”)

Etymology 2

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-.

Prefix

a-

a- (not; without)
Synonym: in-

Derived terms

Galician terms prefixed with a-

German

Etymology

From Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-) (ἀν- (an-) immediately preceding a vowel).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /a/
Audio (Germany (Berlin)): (file)

Prefix

a-

a- (not, without, opposite of)

Derived terms

Hanunoo

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ha- (adjectival prefix for adjectives of measure). Compare Central Bikol ha- and Cebuano ha-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʔa/ [ʔa]
Syllabification: a-

Prefix

a- (Hanunoo spelling ᜠ)

adjectival prefix to words denoting height, length, or depth

Derived terms

Hanunoo terms prefixed with a-

ababa

ababaw

abasad

Indonesian

Etymology

From Malay a-, from Sanskrit अ- (a-, “un-, not”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *a-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-.

Reinforced as a borrowing from Dutch a-, from Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-) (form ἀν- (an-) immediately preceding a vowel), from Proto-Hellenic *ə-, from the same Proto-Indo-European *n̥-.

Doublet of an- via Dutch (cognate with English un-).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [a]
Hyphenation: a

Prefix

a-

a- (not, without, opposite of)

Derived terms

Indonesian terms prefixed with a-

Irish

Alternative forms

ai- (before a palatalized consonant, both etymologies)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /a/, /ə/

Etymology 1

From Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-) (ἀν- (an-) immediately followed by a vowel).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /a/

Prefix

a-

a- (not, without, opposite of)

Derived terms

Irish terms prefixed with a-

Etymology 2

Prefix

a-

alternative form of ath- used before t

Italian

Etymology 1

Inherited from Latin ad-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /a/^*
Hyphenation: a-

Prefix

a-

ad- (indicating direction)
Alternative form: (sometimes before vowels) ad-

Usage notes

This a- prefix triggers reduplication of the following consonant (syntactic gemination, raddoppiamento fonosintattico).

Derived terms

Italian terms prefixed with a-

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /a/
Hyphenation: a-

Prefix

a-

a- (indicating lack or loss)
Alternative form: (before a vowel) an-

Usage notes

This a- prefix does not trigger syntactic gemination.

Derived terms

Italian terms prefixed with a- (privative)

Japanese

Romanization

a-

Rōmaji transcription of あ

Japhug

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋa.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /a/

Prefix

a-

(Kamnyu) my

Derived terms

Japhug terms prefixed with a-

aʑo

Lashi

Pronunciation

(Waingmaw) IPA^(key): [ʔa-]
(Chipwe) IPA^(key): [ʔa-]
(Mongko) IPA^(key): [ʔa-]

Prefix

a-

Used to negate the prefixed element: not

Derived terms

Lashi terms prefixed with a-

anghoid

References

Qingxia Dai; Jie Li (2007), 勒期语研究 [The study of the Leqi language], Beijing: Central Institute for Nationalities Publishing House, →ISBN, page 322
Hkaw Luk (2017), A grammatical sketch of Lacid‎^[5], Chiang Mai: Payap University (master thesis), page 17
Mark Wannemacher (2011), A phonological overview of the Lacid language‎^[6], Chiang Mai: Payap University., page 40
Hideo Sawada (2024), “Differences between ‘Lacid’ and ‘Leqi’”, in Grammatical Phenomena of Sino-Tibetan Languages, volume 6, pages 33-54

Latin

Etymology 1

Prefix

ā-

alternative form of ab-

Usage notes

Used before bilabial voiced consonants: b-, m- and v-.

Etymology 2

From ad (“towards”).

Prefix

a-

(Before a word beginning with sc, sp or st) alternative form of ad-
‎a- + ‎scandere (“climb”) → ‎ascendere (“climb up, go up; rise, spring up”)

‎a- + ‎scrībere (“write”) → ‎ascrībere (“state in writing, add in writing; insert; appoint, enroll, enfranchise, reckon, number”)

‎a- + ‎spīrāre (“breathe”) → ‎aspīrāre (“breathe or blow upon; am favorable to, assist, favor, aid; aspire or desire (to); approach, come near (to)”)

‎a- + ‎specere (“observe, look at”) → ‎aspicere (“look at or towards, behold; regard, respect; observe, notice; examine, inspect; consider, ponder”)

‎a- + ‎stringere (“press, tighten, compress”) → ‎astringere (“draw close, bind or tie together; tighten, contract; check, restrain; oblige, necessitate”)

‎a- + ‎struere (“compose, construct, build; ready, prepare; place, arrange”) → ‎astruere (“build near or to a thing, erect; build on, heap; build an additional structure”)

Etymology 3

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *né

Proto-Indo-European *n̥-

Proto-Hellenic *ə-

Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-)bor.

Latin a-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-), from Proto-Hellenic *ə-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-, from *né.

Prefix

a-

alpha privative, found in borrowings from Greek
Alternative form: (before a vowel) an-

‎an- + ‎-ōnymos → ‎anōnymus

‎an- + ‎-aemia → ‎anaemia

Latvian

Etymology

Via other European languages, ultimately from Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-) (ἀν- (an-) immediately preceding a vowel).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [a]
Audio: (file)

Prefix

a-

Not, not having, without, opposite of.
‎a- + ‎seksuāls → ‎aseksuāls

Lower Tanana

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /a/

Prefix

a-

against

References

Kari, James et al. (2024), Kari, James, editor, Lower Tanana Dene Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, →ISBN, page 20

Middle French

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd

Proto-Italic *ad

Proto-Italic *ad-

Latin ad-

Old French a-

Middle French a-

Inherited from Old French a-.

Prefix

a-

used to form verbs from nouns and adjectives
used to transform the meaning of the verb
1. used to form the inchoative state from durative state of the verb
2. used to form the discontinuous state from continuous state of the verb
3. used to form the intensive state from neutral state of the verb

Derived terms

Middle French terms prefixed with a-

Mohawk

Alternative forms

aon- (before s- (“iterative”) and t- (“cislocative”))

Prefix

a-

irrealis prefix

References

Nora Deering; Helga H. Delisle (1976), Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, page 332

Murui Huitoto

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [a-]

Prefix

a-

(unproductive) Used to form a few adverbs signifying a location or motion from or to above.

Derived terms

Murui Huitoto terms prefixed with a-

afai

ana

arɨ

Related terms

aa

References

Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017), A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.‎^[7], Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), page 145

Navajo

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɑ̀-/

Prefix

a-

someone's, people's

Usage notes

This prefix is often used as a neutral possessive pronoun to make the citation forms of inalienable nouns: amá (“someone's mother”), akʼos (“someone's neck”), ajáád (“someone's leg”), ajaaʼ (“someone's ear”), akʼéí (“someone's kin”). The alternative is to use the prefix ha- (“one's”) or bi- (“his/her/its/their”) to make these dictionary forms.

Neapolitan

Etymology

Inherited from Latin ad-.

Prefix

a-

compare Italian a-

Derived terms

Northern Ndebele

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *gá-.

Prefix

a- (medial wa-)

they; class 6 subject concord.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *gáá-.

Prefix

a-

of; class 6 possessive concord.

Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

a-

Class 6 relative concord.

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology 1

From a (“the letter a”), the first letter of the Norwegian alphabet, used figuratively of something first, highest-ranking or best. The letter itself is from Latin A, ultimately from Ancient Greek Α (A, “alpha”), probably through Etruscan, from Phoenician 𐤀 (ʾ, “aleph”).

Alternative forms

A-

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɑː/
Rhymes: -ɑː
Homophones: A, a, A-, à, ah
Hyphenation: a-

Prefix

a-

indicating something first, highest-ranking or best in a classification or hierarchy
a- (“first, best”) +‎ egg (“egg”) → a-egg (“egg of the highest quality”)

A- (“first, best”) +‎ lag (“team”) → A-lag (“first team; top group”)

a- (“first, best”) +‎ kjendis (“celebrity”) → a-kjendis (“A-list celebrity”)

Derived terms

a-egg (“egg of the highest quality”)
A-lag (“first team; top group”)
a-kjendis (“A-list celebrity”)
A-menneske (“morning person”)

Etymology 2

PIE word
*n̥-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-, “not, without”), from Proto-Hellenic *ə- (“un-, not; without, lacking”), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥- (“not, un-”).

Doublet of u- (“un-, not”). Compare Latin in-, Sanskrit अ- (a-), Old Irish in- and an-, Armenian ան- (an-), and English un-.

Alternative forms

an- (normally before a vowel)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (stressed) /ɑː/, (unstressed) /a/
Rhymes: (when stressed) -ɑː
Hyphenation: a-

Prefix

a-

a privative prefix expressing the absence or lack of a quality; not, without, -less
a- (“not, without”) +‎ politisk (“political”) → apolitisk (“apolitical”)

a- (“not, without”) +‎ sosial (“social”) → asosial (“asocial”)

a- (“not, without”) +‎ symmetrisk (“symmetrical”) → asymmetrisk (“asymmetrical”)

a- (“not, without”) +‎ gnostiker (“gnostic”) → agnostiker (“agnostic”)

Usage notes

The prefix occurs both in words borrowed from Greek and in newer formations modelled on Greek.
Before h, both patterns occur in established words, for example ahistorisk (“ahistorical”) but anhedoni (“anhedonia”).
In ordinary native formations, u- (“un-, not”) is the more usual negative prefix.

Derived terms

abiogenese (“abiogenesis”)
abiotisk (“abiotic”)
agnostiker (“agnostic”)
ahistorisk (“ahistorical”)
amenore (“amenorrhea”)
amenoré (“amenorrhea”)
apolitisk (“apolitical”)
aseksuell (“asexual”)
asosial (“asocial”)
astigmatisme (“astigmatism”)
asymmetrisk (“asymmetrical”)
asymptomatisk (“asymptomatic”)
asynkron (“asynchronous”)
atypisk (“atypical”)

Etymology 3

PIE word
*n̥-

Clipping of atom-, from atom (“atom”), from Ancient Greek ἄτομος (átomos, “indivisible, uncut”). The Greek word is formed from ἀ- (a-, “not, without”), from Proto-Hellenic *ə- (“un-, not”), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥- (“not, un-”), and a formation related to τέμνω (témnō, “to cut”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *temh₁- (“to cut”).

Alternative forms

A-

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɑː/
Rhymes: -ɑː
Homophones: A, a, A-, à, ah
Hyphenation: a-

Prefix

a-

abbreviation of atom- (“atomic; nuclear”), especially in compounds connected with atomic or nuclear weapons and energy
a- (“atomic, nuclear”) +‎ bombe (“bomb”) → a-bombe (“atomic bomb”)

a- (“atomic, nuclear”) +‎ våpen (“weapon”) → a-våpen (“nuclear weapon”)

Usage notes

a- and A- are shortened forms of atom-.
In technical terminology, atom- has largely been replaced by kjerne- (“nuclear”) where nuclear processes or nuclear energy are meant.

Derived terms

a-bombe (“atomic bomb”)
a-våpen (“nuclear weapon”)

References

“a-” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
“a-” in Norwegian Academy Dictionary (NAOB).
“atom-” in Norwegian Academy Dictionary (NAOB).
“a-” in Store norske leksikon

Anagrams

A, A-, a

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-, “not, without”).

Prefix

a-

a- (not, without)

Derived terms

Norwegian Nynorsk terms prefixed with a-

References

“a-” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old English

Alternative forms

ar-, a-

Etymology

From an earlier form ar-, from Proto-West Germanic *uʀ-, from Proto-Germanic *uz-. Cognate with Old High German ar-, ir- (German er-).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɑː/
Rhymes: -ɑː

Prefix

ā-

from, away, off, out
āniman ― to take away, to remove

Derived terms

Old English terms prefixed with a-

Reconstruction:Old English/abad

Reconstruction:Old English/acriþan

Descendants

Middle English: a-
- English: a-

Old French

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd

Proto-Italic *ad

Proto-Italic *ad-

Latin ad-

Old French a-

Inherited from Latin ad-, which was often reduced to a- in compounds.

Prefix

a-

indicating movement towards something
(by extension) indicating a change of state
intensifying prefix
alternative form of es-

Derived terms

Old Galician-Portuguese

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd

Proto-Italic *ad

Proto-Italic *ad-

Latin ad-

Old Galician-Portuguese a-

Inherited from Latin ad-.

Prefix

a-

added to nouns, adjectives and verbs, creating verbs usually meaning to make/turn X
‎a- + ‎baixo (“low”) + ‎-ar → ‎abaixar (“to humiliate”)

‎a- + ‎proveito (“advantage”) + ‎ar → ‎aproveytar (“to take advantage of”)

Usage notes

Many uses of this prefix are prothetic, creating doublets without a clear difference in meaning, as in levantar / alevantar. These are abundant in both Galician and Portuguese.

Derived terms

Old Galician-Portuguese terms prefixed with a-

Descendants

Galician: a-
Portuguese: a-

References

Viñas, Xoán López (2015), “a-”, in “Dicionario de afixos e voces afixadas do galego medieval [Dictionary of Medieval Galician's affixes and affixed terms]”, in Revista Galega de Filoloxía‎^[8] (in Galician), volume 8, A Coruña: UDC, →ISBN, page 23

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *em m and *ed n.

Prefix

a- (class A infixed pronoun)

him (triggers eclipsis)
it (triggers lenition)

Usage notes

This form merges with the prefixes ro-, no-, dí-, to-, fo-, ar-, and imm- to form ra-, na-, da-, da-, fa-, ara-, imma- respectively. It disappears after the particle ní (“not”), its only trace being the mutation it causes (eclipsis in the case of the masculine, lenition in the case of the neuter), thus ní cara (“does not love”) vs. ní chara (“does not love it”), ní ben (“does not strike”) vs. ní mben (“does not strike him”).

Derived terms

Old Javanese

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /a/

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

a-

stative/active verb forming
Synonyms: (m)aN-, -um-
adjective forming

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Sanskrit अ- (a-, “un-, not”)

Prefix

a-

un-, not

Derived terms

Old Saxon

Etymology

From an earlier form ar-, from Proto-Germanic *uz-. Cognate with Old English a-, Old High German ar-, ir- (German er-).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɑː/

Prefix

a-

forming words with the sense from, away, out, off, e.g. animan

Derived terms

Old Spanish

Etymology

Inherited from Latin ad-.

Prefix

a-

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Derived terms

Old Spanish terms prefixed with a-

Descendants

Spanish: a-

Paraujano

Alternative forms

e-, o-

Prefix

a-

Indefinite suffix, used with inalienable nouns, prepositions and non-stative verbs when no person prefix is added.
achee ― [someone's] ear

References

Álvarez, José; Bravo, María (2008), “a-”, in Diccionario básico de la lengua añú [Basic dictionary of the Añú language]‎^[9], Maracaibo, Venezuela: University of Zulia, →ISBN, page 41.

Phuthi

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *gá-.

Prefix

a- (medial wa-)

they; class 6 subject concord.

Polish

Alternative forms

an-

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *né

Proto-Indo-European *n̥-

Proto-Hellenic *ə-

Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-)lbor.

Polish a-

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /a/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -a
Syllabification: a-
Homophones: a, -a

Prefix

a-

forming words with the sense of negation, a-
‎a- + ‎społeczny → ‎aspołeczny

Derived terms

Polish terms prefixed with a-

Portuguese

Pronunciation

(Brazil) IPA^(key): /a/

(Portugal) IPA^(key): /ɐ/

Homophones: A, a, á, à, há

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd

Proto-Italic *ad

Proto-Italic *ad-

Latin ad-

Old Galician-Portuguese a-

Portuguese a-

From Old Galician-Portuguese a-, from Latin ad-.

Prefix

a-

added to adjective X, forms verbs meaning to make/turn X
‎a- + ‎vermelho (“red”) + ‎-ar → ‎avermelhar (“to redden”)

‎a- + ‎baixo (“low”) + ‎-ar → ‎abaixar (“to lower”)
added to noun X, forms verbs meaning to cause or make X or to cause something to have X
‎a- + ‎pavor (“dread”) + ‎-ar → ‎apavorar (“to frighten”)

‎a- + ‎fama (“fame”) + ‎-ar → ‎afamar (“to make famous”)

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *né

Proto-Indo-European *n̥-

Proto-Hellenic *ə-

Ancient Greek ᾰ̓- (ă-)lbor.

Portuguese a-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-.

Alternative forms

an- (before a vowel sound)

Prefix

a-

a- (not; without)
Synonym: in-

‎a- + ‎moral → ‎amoral (“amoral”)

‎an- + ‎aeróbio → ‎anaeróbio (“anaerobic”)

Derived terms

Portuguese terms prefixed with a- (not)

Sardinian

Etymology

Inherited from Classical Latin ad-, from the preposition ad (“to, towards”).

Prefix

a-

ad- (toward, to, tendency)

Derived terms

Sardinian terms prefixed with a-

ammentai

ammentare

Scots

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ə/

Etymology 1

From Middle English a- (“on”), derived from unstressed Middle English an (“on”), from Old English an (“on”).

Prefix

a-

on
aback, agley, agrufe, athort, atween

Etymology 2

From Middle English a-, from Old English of- (“off”).

Prefix

a-

off
adoon

Etymology 3

From Old Norse at- (“to”).

Prefix

a-

to
adae, agae

Etymology 4

From Middle English a- (“up, out, away”), from Old English ā-, originally *ar-, *or-, from Proto-Germanic *uz- (“out-”).

Prefix

a-

away from
abide, arise

Etymology 5

From Middle English and-, from Old English and- (“against, back”), from Proto-Germanic *andi- (“across, opposite, against, away”).

Prefix

a-

against, opposite
alang

Etymology 6

From Middle English a-, from Old English ane (“one”).

Prefix

a-

one
awhile

Etymology 7

From ah!

Prefix

a-

ah
aweel, alake

Etymology 8

From Middle English a-, from Middle French a-, from Latin ad (“towards”).

Prefix

a-

towards
avise

Etymology 9

From Latin ab (“of, off, from, away”).

Prefix

a-

away from
assoilzie

References

“a, prefix¹”, in The Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries, 2004–present, →OCLC.

Senhaja de Srair

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Berber *a-.

Prefix

a- (Tifinagh spelling ⴰ-)

noun-forming prefix

Derived terms

Senhaja de Srair terms prefixed with a-

References

Gutova, Evgeniya; Byler, Jonathan (2025), “Senhaja de Srair - English Dictionary”, in Webonary‎^[11], retrieved 2025
Gutova, Evgeniya (2021) Senhaja Berber Varieties: Phonology, Morphology, and Morphosyntax (Thesis)‎^[12], Paris, France: HAL

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

From Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-) (ἀν- (an-) immediately preceding a vowel), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥- (“un-, not”), zero-grade form of *né (“not”). Doublet of ne.

Prefix

a- (Cyrillic spelling а-)

Prefix prepended to words to denote a negation, deprivation or absence of a property denoted by base word.
Synonyms: bez-, ne-

‎a- + ‎sȍcijālan → ‎ȁsocijālan

‎a- + ‎simètrija → ‎asimètrija

‎a- + ‎brahija → ‎abrahija

References

“a-”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026

Sicilian

Etymology

Inherited from Latin ad-, from the preposition ad (“to, towards”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /a/

Prefix

a-

added to adjective or noun to create a verb, along with the suffixes -ari or -iri.
‎a- + ‎capu (“end”) + ‎-ari → ‎accapari (“to end”)

Derived terms

Sicilian terms prefixed with a-

Southern Ndebele

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *gá-.

Prefix

a- (medial wa-)

they; class 6 subject concord.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *gáá-.

Prefix

a-

of; class 6 possessive concord.

Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

a-

Class 6 relative concord.

Spanish

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd

Proto-Italic *ad

Proto-Italic *ad-

Latin ad-

Spanish a-

Inherited from Latin ad-.

Prefix

a-

forms words, especially verbs, that denote entering a state, making progress toward a goal, or the like

Derived terms

Spanish terms prefixed with a- (verb prefix)

Etymology 2

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *né

Proto-Indo-European *n̥-

Proto-Hellenic *ə-

Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-)lbor.

Spanish a-

From Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-) (ἀν- (an-) immediately preceding a vowel); generalized from the many Latin borrowings using this prefix.

Prefix

a-

a-, non-, -less

Usage notes

Used with stems that begin with consonants except ⟨h⟩. an- is synonymous and is used in front of words that start with vowels and ⟨h⟩. For example, analfabetismo (“analphabetism”).

Derived terms

Swahili

Other scripts
Ajami	اَـ

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *à-.

Prefix

a-

she, he; 3rd person singular (m class_(I)) subject concord
Antonym: ha-
- 18th century, Abdallah bin Ali bin Nasir, Al-Inkishafi‎^[13], translation from R. Allen (1946), “Inkishafi—a translation from the Swahili”, in African Studies, volume 5, number 4, →DOI, pages 243–249, stanza 14:
  اِدَاوُ كِغِمَ هُمِتَ پِيْبِ ، اَسِپَتِ كَطِ كُنَ مَااِيِ
  Endao kwegema humita pembe, asipate kaṭi kunwa maiye.
  he charges the comer, none tastes of the water

Etymology 2

Prefix

a-

contraction of a- +‎ -a-, literally “3rd person singular (m class_(I)) gnomic”

Swazi

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *à-.

Prefix

a- (medial ka-)

he, she, it; class 1 subject concord, used in the subjunctive and potential mood.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *gá-.

Prefix

a- (medial wa-)

they; class 6 subject concord.

Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *gáá-.

Prefix

a-

of; class 6 possessive concord.

Tagal Murut

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Austronesian *ma-

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ma-

Tagal Murut a-

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ma-, from Proto-Austronesian *ma- (stative prefix).

Prefix

a-

used to form adjectives indicating a quality
‎a- + ‎amis (“sweetness”) → ‎a-amis (“sweet”)

‎a- + ‎laat (“badness”) → ‎a-laat (“bad”)

Tagalog

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd

Proto-Italic *ad

Latin ad

Spanish abor.

Tagalog a-

Borrowed from Spanish a, from Latin ad (“to”), from Proto-Italic *ad, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd.

Pronunciation

(Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ʔa/ [ʔɐ]
Syllabification: a-

Prefix

a- (Baybayin spelling ᜀ)

at (indicating time)
Puntahan kita sa a-primero ng Marso.
I'll go to you at the first of March.

Sahuran tuwing a-kinse ng bawat buwan.
It is payday every 15^th of every month.

A-treynta y uno kahapon.
Yesterday was the 31^st.

Usage notes

Only used before Spanish cardinal numbers to tell the date for a month. For the first day of a month, a-primero is more correct but a-uno is also used by younger speakers. The prefix has the same function as ika- for Tagalog cardinal numbers.
The prefix is optional but Spanish-oriented speakers often use it.

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

(Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ˈʔa/ [ˈʔaː]
Syllabification: a-

Prefix

á- (Baybayin spelling ᜀ) (dialectal, chiefly Mindoro)

forms contemplative aspect forms for verbs in the object or directional trigger

Usage notes

Can be considered as a dialectal functional equivalent to the reduplicated syllable for some verbs.
‎á- + ‎tápon (“throw”) → ‎átápon (“will be thrown”): equivalent to itatapon

‎á- + ‎inóm (“drink”) + ‎-in → ‎áinumín (“will be drunk”): equivalent to iinumin

‎á- + ‎gawâ (“drink”) + ‎-an → ‎ágaw-án (“will be done for”): equivalent to gagawan

‎á- + ‎pakuluan (“to be boiled”) → ‎ápakuluán (“will let to be boiled”): equivalent to pakukuluan
When used with in-, forms the progressive aspect forms of verbs.
‎in- + ‎á- + ‎tápon (“throw”) → ‎inátápon (“being thrown”): equivalent to itinatapon

‎in- + ‎á- + ‎inóm (“drink”) → ‎ináinóm (“being drunk”): equivalent to iniinom

‎in- + ‎á- + ‎gawâ (“drink”) + ‎-an → ‎inágaw-án (“being done for”): equivalent to ginagawan

‎in- + ‎á- + ‎pakuluan (“to be let boiled”) → ‎inápakuluán (“letting to be boiled”): equivalent to pinakukuluan

Derived terms

Tagalog terms prefixed with a- (verb prefix)

Tashelhit

Etymology

From Proto-Berber *a-. Cognate with Central Atlas Tamazight ⴰ- (a-).

Prefix

a- (Tifinagh spelling ⴰ-, Arabic spelling آ-).

the masculine form of nouns.
the masculine form of adjectives.

Tooro

Alternative forms

(before -a- or subjunctive -e-) y-
(before vowels in other cases) ay-

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *à-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /a-/

Prefix

a-

he, she; class 1 subject concord
‎a- + ‎-kora (“to do”) → ‎akora (“he/she does”)

References

Kaji, Shigeki (2007), A Rutooro Vocabulary‎^[14], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 413

Umbrian

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *n̥-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-.

Prefix

a- (late Iguvine)

alternative form of 𐌀- (a-)

Derived terms

Umbrian terms prefixed with a-

auirseto

ahauendu

References

Buck, Carl Darling (1904), A Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian: With a Collection of Inscriptions and a Glossary‎^[15]
Poultney, James Wilson (1959), The Bronze Tables of Iguvium‎^[16], Baltimore: American Philological Association
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 301

Welsh

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /a/

Prefix

a-

affirmative prefix, emphasises prefixed word
‎a- + ‎trist (“sad”) → ‎athrist (“very sad, sorrowful”)

‎a- + ‎traidd (“piercing, penetration”) → ‎athraidd (“permeable”)

Usage notes

Triggers aspirate mutation of the following consonant.

Derived terms

Welsh terms prefixed with a-

Mutation

Mutated forms of a-
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
a-	unchanged	unchanged	ha-

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., editors (1950–present), “a-”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

Xhosa

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *gá-.

Prefix

a- (medial wa-)

they; class 6 subject concord.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *gáá-.

Prefix

a-

of; class 6 possessive concord.

Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

a-

Class 6 relative concord.

Etymology 4

From Proto-Bantu *nkà-.

Prefix

a-

not

Usage notes

Used in the indicative mood, prefixed to the subject concord.

Yao (Africa)

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *à- (“Class 1 subject concord”).

Prefix

a-

3rd person singular subject concord.
2nd person plural subject concord.

Usage notes

"a-" is traditionally the 3rd person singular subject concord, but Sanderson records "a-" also meaning you, which is verified by the Ciyawo - English Dictionary: Dikishonale ja Ŵakulijiganya via the examples under entries. Perhaps a change occurred between 1902 and 1922 resulting in "a-" meaning "you".

Etymology 2

Prefix

a-

Prefix denoting demonstratives

Derived terms

aju (“Class 1 near locational demonstrative”)

Ye'kwana

Variant orthographies
ALIV	a-
Brazilian standard	a-
New Tribes	a-

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [a-]

Prefix

a-

allomorph of öt- (detransitivizing prefix)
allomorph of ö- (second-person prefix) used for stems that begin with a consonant and have a first vowel a or e

Inflection

Ye'kwana personal markers

	pronoun	noun possessor/ series II verb argument		postposition object		series I verb argument
	pronoun	noun possessor/ series II verb argument		postposition object		transitive patient	intransitive patient-like		intransitive agent-like	transitive agent
first person	ewü	y-, ∅-, ü-, u-¹						w-, wi-
first person dual inclusive	küwü	k-, kü-, ku-, ki-								k-, kii-, ki-¹
second person	amödö	ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh-							m-, mi-
first person dual exclusive	nña	y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-¹			chö-	∅-	n-, ni-
third person	tüwü	y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-¹			chö-	n-, ni-	n-, ni-
distant past third person	tüwü	—				kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini-
coreferential/reflexive	—	t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te-				—
reciprocal	—	—	öö-

With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable.

	series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient
1st person > 2nd person	mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni-
1st person dual exclusive > 2nd person	mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni-
2nd person > 1st person	k-, kü-, ku-, ki-
2nd person > 1st person dual exclusive	k-, kü-, ku-, ki-
3rd person > any person X …or… any person X > 3rd person	see person X in the chart above

Yola

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ə/

Etymology 1

From Middle English a- (“on”), derived from unstressed Middle English an (“on”), from Old English an (“on”).

Prefix

a-

in, on, at; used to show a state, condition, or manner.

Etymology 2

From Middle English a-, a variant form of y-, from Old English ġe-.

Prefix

a-

Used to form the past participle of a verb.

Derived terms

Yola terms prefixed with a-

Zazaki

Etymology

Prefix

a-

Verbal prefix (preverb) modifying the meaning of stem verb, "back, open".^[1]

Derived terms

Zazaki terms prefixed with a-

abırrnayene

abiyayene

akerdene

References

^ Paul, L., Zazaki, in Windfuhr, G. (2009), The Iranian Languages, p. 556

Zou

Etymology

From a (third-person singular verbal concord).

Likely developed through a re-interpretation of relative clauses: "[I saw that] he X:s" > "[I saw] him who X:s" > "[I saw] the X:er".

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ʔʌ̄-]

Prefix

a-

Used to form agent nouns from verbs.

Derived terms

Zou terms prefixed with a-

akal

akap

ane

asa

References

Lukram Himmat Singh (2013), A Descriptive Grammar of Zou (PhD thesis), Canchipur: Manipur University, page 71

Zulu

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *à-.

Prefix

á- (medial ká-)

he, she, it; class 1 subject concord, used in the subjunctive and potential mood.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *gá-.

Prefix

á- (medial wá-)

they; class 6 subject concord.

Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *gáá-.

Prefix

a-

of; class 6 possessive concord.

Etymology 4

Originally a reduced form of la- (“general demonstrative”). Compare Swazi relative forms such as lesi-, which still keep the initial l-.

Prefix

ā́-

Used to form relative clauses.

Usage notes

This prefix has conditioned allomorphs o- and e-.

Etymology 5

From a- (“relative”) +‎ a- (“class 6”).

Prefix

ā́-

Class 6 relative concord.

Etymology 6

From Proto-Bantu *nkà-.

Prefix

a-

not

Usage notes

Used in the indicative mood, prefixed to the subject concord.

Alternative forms

ka-

Etymology 7

Prefix

a-

alternative form of ma- (hortative)

References

C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972), “a-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “a-”

[SOED-1] 1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 Brown, Lesley (2003)

[2] J. J. Hogan and Patrick C. O'Neill (1947), “A NORTH-COUNTY DUBLIN GLOSSARY”, in Béaloideas‎^[1], volume 17, number 1/2, An Cumann Le Béaloideas Eireann/Folklore of lreland Society, page 263

[3] See “Don’t Come A-Knockin’”, TV Tropes for more examples and discussion.

[Rand-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Urdang, Laurence (1984)

[5] Lindberg, Christine A. (2007)

[Holland-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Robert Holland, M.R.A.C., A Glossary of Words Used in the County of Chester, Part I--A to F., English Dialect Society, London, 1884, 1

[7] Stegeman, Ray; Hunter, Rita (2014), Akawaio-English Dictionary and English-Akawaio Index, SIL International, page 18

[WGI-8] Paul, L., Zazaki, in Windfuhr, G. (2009), The Iranian Languages, p. 556

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[1]

[1]


Number	Person	Possessive prefixes	Free pronoun	Genitive
Singular	1st	a-	aʑo, aj	aʑɯɣ
	2nd	nɤ-	nɤʑo, nɤj	nɤʑɯɣ
	3rd	ɯ-	ɯʑo	ɯʑɤɣ
Dual	1st	tɕi-	tɕiʑo	tɕiʑɤɣ
	2nd	ndʑi-	ndʑiʑo	ndʑiʑɤɣ
	3rd	ndʑi-	ʑɤni	ʑɤniɣɯ
Plural	1st	i-	iʑo, iʑora, iʑɤra	iʑɤɣ, iʑɤra ɣɯ
	2nd	nɯ-	nɯʑo, nɯʑora, nɯʑɤra	nɯʑɤɣ, nɯʑɤra ɣɯ
	3rd	nɯ-	ʑara	ʑaraɣ, ʑara ɣɯ
Generic		tɯ-	tɯʑo

	singular	dual	plural
1st person	shi-	nihi-	danihi-
2nd person	ni-	nihi-	danihi-
3rd person	bi-
4th person (3o)	yi-
4th person (3a)	ha-, hw-
indefinite person (3i)	a-

person	infixed			suffixed
See Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used. Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.
person	class A	class B	class C	suffixed
1 sg	m-^L	dom-^L, dam-^L		-um
2 sg	t-^L	dot-^L, dat-^L, dut-^L, dit-^L		-ut
3 sg m	a-^N, e-^N	d-^N	id-^N, did-^N, d-^N	-i, -it
3 sg f	s-^(N)	da-		-us
3 sg n	a-^L, e-^L	d-^L	id-^L, did-^L, d-^L	-i, -it
1 pl	n-	don-, dun-, dan-		-unn
2 pl	b-	dob-, dub-, dab-		-uib
3 pl	s-^(N)	da-		-us

	person	independent	subject concord		object concord	combined forms			possessive
	person	independent	affirmative	negative	object concord	na	ndi-	si-	possessive
singular	first	mimi	ni-	si-	-ni-	nami, na mimi	ndimi, ndiye	simi, siye	-angu
	second	wewe	u-	hu-	-ku-	nawe, na wewe	ndiwe, ndiye	siwe, siye	-ako
	third	yeye	a-, yu-	ha-, hayu-	-m-, -mw-, -mu-	naye, na yeye	ndiye	siye	-ake
plural	first	sisi	tu-	hatu-	-tu-	nasi, na sisi	ndisi, ndio	sio	-etu
	second	ninyi	m-, mw-, mu-	ham-, hamw-, hamu-	-wa-	nanyi, na ninyi	ndinyi, ndio	sinyi, sio	-enu
	third	wao	wa-	hawa-	-wa-	nao	ndio	sio	-ao
reflexive		—	—		-ji-	—			—

class	person	independent	possessive	subject concord	object concord	combined forms
class	person	independent	possessive	subject concord	object concord	na	ni
class 1	first	nyowe, nye	-ange	n-	-n-	nanyowe, nanye	ninyowe, ninye
	second	iwe	-awe	o-	-ku-	naiwe	niiwe
	third	uwe	-e	a-	-mu-	nawe	nuwe
class 2	first	itwe	-aitu	tu-	-tu-	naitwe	niitwe
	second	inywe	-anyu	mu-	-ba-	nainywe	niinywe
	third	bo	-abo	ba-	-ba-	nabo	nubo
class 3		gwo	-agwo	gu-	-gu-	nagwo	nugwo
class 4		yo	-ayo	e-	-gi-	nayo	niyo
class 5		lyo	-alyo	li-	-li-	nalyo	niryo
class 6		go	-ago	ga-	-ga-	nago	nugo
class 7		kyo	-akyo	ki-	-ki-	nakyo	nikyo
class 8		byo	-abyo	bi-	-bi-	nabyo	nibyo
class 9		yo	-ayo	e-	-gi-	nayo	niyo
class 10		zo	-azo	zi-	-zi-	nazo	nizo
class 11		rwo	-arwo	ru-	-ru-	narwo	nurwo
class 12		ko	-ako	ka-	-ka-	nako	nuko
class 13		two	-atwo	tu-	-tu-	natwo	nutwo
class 14		bwo	-abwo	bu-	-bu-	nabwo	nubwo
class 15		kwo	-akwo	ku-	-ku-	nakwo	nukwo
class 16		ho	-aho	ha-	-ha-	naho	nuho
class 17		(kwo)	N/A	ha- (...-yo)	-ha-	N/A	nukwo
class 18		(mwo)	-amwo	ha- (...-mu)	-ha-	N/A	numwo
reflexive		-enyini, -onyini	—		-e-	—

Translingual

Etymology 1

Prefix

Etymology 2

Prefix

Derived terms

English

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Prefix

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Prefix

Usage notes

Etymology 3

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Prefix

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

Prefix

Etymology 5

Pronunciation

Prefix

Usage notes

Synonyms

Derived terms

Translations

Etymology 6

Prefix

Usage notes

Etymology 7

Prefix

Usage notes

Etymology 8

Prefix

Usage notes

Etymology 9

Prefix

Etymology 10

Prefix

Derived terms

References

A-Pucikwar

Prefix

Abau

Pronunciation

Prefix

References

Akan

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Prefix

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Prefix

Etymology 3

Prefix

Etymology 4

Prefix

References

Akawaio

Alternative forms

Pronoun

References

Alemannic German

Prefix

Beja

Prefix

Catalan

Etymology 1

Prefix

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Prefix

Derived terms

Further reading

Chavacano

Etymology

Pronunciation