Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pel-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*pel-^[1]^[2]

to cover, to wrap
skin, hide, cloth

Extensions

*pel-k-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Old Prussian: pelkis (“cloak”)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *felhaną (“to hide, conceal; to bury; to adhere”) (see there for further descendants)
*pel-t-
- ⇒? *polto- (or substantivized from *pol-to-)
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *poltьno (“linen”) (see there for further descendants)
- >? Ancient Greek: πέλτη (péltē) (via Thracian?) (see there for further descendants)
*pl-ew- (or a u-variant of *pleh₂-?)^[3]
- ⇒ *plēw-eh₂
  - ⇒? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plēwāˀ (“membrane”)
    - Latgalian: plēve
    - Latvian: plêve
    - Lithuanian: plėvė̃
    - Proto-Slavic: *plěva (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *h₁epi-plow-yo-m
  - >? Proto-Hellenic: *epiplóyyon
    - Ancient Greek: ἐπίπλοον (epíploon) (see there for further descendants)
⇒? *pl-eh₂- or *pel-h₂-
- ⇒ *pleh₂-s-o-s
  - Proto-Anatolian:
    - >? Hittite: 𒉺𒆷𒄴𒊭𒀸 (pa-la-aḫ-ša-aš, “a garment”) (or from *pleh₂- (“wide, broad, flat”))^[4]
- ⇒ *pélh₂-t-^?
  - Proto-Hellenic:
    - >? Ancient Greek: *πέλας (*pélas) (or from Pre-Greek)
      - >? Ancient Greek: ἐρυσίπελας (erusípelas) (+ *h₁rewdʰ-ti-^?) (see there for further descendants)

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pel- (skin) (106 c, 0 e)

*pel-ḗn ~ *pl̥-nés
- *pl-ēn-ih₂, *pl-ēn-(y)éh₂^[5]^[6]^[7]
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plēnīˀ, *plēnjāˀ, *plēnāˀ (“membrane”)
    - Latgalian: plieņs
    - Latvian: plēne, plēnes
    - Lithuanian: plėnė̃, plėni̇̀s
    - Old Prussian: pleynis
    - Proto-Slavic: *plěnà (see there for further descendants)
- *pél-en-(e)h₂ ~ *pl-én-(e)h₂^[5]^[8]^[6]
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    - Proto-Slavic: *pelenà (“diaper”), *pelna (see there for further descendants)
- *pel-nó-m^[7]^[5]
  - Proto-Germanic: *fellą (“skin, hide”)^[7] (see there for further descendants)
- *pl̥-n-eh₂
  - >? Proto-Italic: *palnā
    - >? Latin: palla (“a fine cloth”) (see there for further descendants)
- *pel-n-i-s^[6]^[7]
  - Proto-Italic: *pelnis
    - Latin: pellis (see there for further descendants)
*pél-mn̥
- ⇒? *pel-mo-s
  - Proto-Germanic: *felmaz (“covering, skin, hide”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *felmô (< collective *pél-mō)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pélmə
  - Ancient Greek: πέλμᾰ (pélmă, “sole (of the foot); stalk”)
    - Greek: πέλμα (pélma)
    - Translingual: ⇒ Pelmatellus
*pél-sḱo-s
- Proto-Albanian: *plaska
  - Albanian: plah (“to cover”, denominative)
*pél-trom
- >? Proto-Celtic: *ɸletrom (“skin, hide; leather”) (with vowel metathesis) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Lithuanian: palà (“linen kerchief”)

Root

*pel- (perhaps the same as the above)

to fold

Extensions

*pleḱ-

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pel- (fold) (93 c, 0 e)

*pl-okos
- Proto-Iranian: *frakah
  - Parthian: (/⁠-frag⁠/, “-fold”)
    Manichaean script: -𐫜𐫡𐫃 (-frg) (e.g. 𐫅𐫇𐫜𐫡𐫃 (dwfrg /⁠dōfrag⁠/, “two-fold”) )
  - Classical Persian: پر (-pirr)
    Iranian Persian: پر (-per(r)), پل (-pel, “-fold”) (e.g. in Shushtari dialect دوپر (dôper, “two-fold”)) ^[9]
*pl-o-
- Proto-Hellenic: *-plós
  - Ancient Greek: -πλός (-plós) (e.g. ἁπλός (haplós), διπλός (diplós))
- Proto-Italic: *-plos
  - Latin: -plus (e.g. simplus, duplus)
*pé-pl-os (reduplicated thematic noun)
- Proto-Hellenic: *péplos
  - >? Ancient Greek: πέπλος (péplos, “woven cloth, fabric, carpet”)
*pel-t-
- Proto-Germanic: *falþaną
*pl̥-tu-
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸaltu- (“joint”)
  - Old Irish: alt
    - Irish: alt
    - Scottish Gaelic: alt
*pl̥-to- (possibly^[10])
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: *पृत (*pṛta)
      - Sanskrit: पुट (puṭa, “fold”)
  - Proto-Nuristani:
    - Kamkata-viri:
      Southeastern: -uřë (“layer”)
⇒ *pl̥-h₂-t-yo-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: -πλάσιος (-plásios)
    - Greek: -πλάσιος (-plásios)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *palā
- Albanian: palë
Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: -πλόος (-plóos), -πλοῦς (-ploûs) (e.g. ἁπλόος (haplóos), ἁπλοῦς (haploûs), διπλόος (diplóos), διπλοῦς (diploûs))

Root

*pel-

to beat, push, drive

Extensions

*pel-d-
- *pel-d
  - Proto-West Germanic: *felt (see there for further descendants)
*pel-em-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πελεμίζω (pelemízō)
*pel-h₂-

*pl-eh₂-g-
- *pleh₂-g-e-ti (thematic present)
  - Proto-Germanic: *flōkaną (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Italic: *plāgō
    - Latin: plāgō (see there for further descendants)
- *pl(e)h₂-n-g-e-ti
  - Proto-Italic: *plāngō
    - Latin: plangō^[11] (see there for further descendants)
- *pl(e)h₂-g-ye-ti
  - Proto-Hellenic: *plā́d͏̌d͏̌ō
    - Ancient Greek: πλάζω (plázō)
- *pl(e)h₂-g-éh₂
  - Proto-Albanian: *plāgā^[12]
    - Albanian: plojë (“bloodshed, carnage”)
  - Proto-Hellenic: *plāgā́ (“slaughter”)
    - Ancient Greek: πλαγά (plagá), πληγή (plēgḗ, “blow (of a weapon)”)
  - Proto-Italic: *plāgā
    - Latin: plāga (“blow; slaughter; plague, misfortune”)^[11] (see there for further descendants)
- Unsorted formations:
  - >? Proto-Germanic: *flekkaz (“mark, spot, blemish”) (see there for further descendants)
  - >? Proto-Germanic: *flekkô (see there for further descendants)

*pl-eh₂-k-
- *pl-(e)h₂-k-ye-ti
  - Proto-Hellenic: *plāt͏̌t͏̌ō
    - Ancient Greek: πλήσσω (plḗssō)
    - Attic Greek: πλήττω (plḗttō)
      - → Greek: πλήττω (plítto)
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plā́ˀktei
    - Proto-Slavic: *plakati (see there for further descendants)
- *pl-eh₂-k-tro-
  - Proto-Hellenic: *plā́ktrom
    - Ancient Greek: πλᾶκτρον (plâktron), πλῆκτρον (plêktron) (see there for further descendants)

*pl-eh₁-k-t-
- *pl-éh₁-k-t-e-ti
  - Proto-Italic: *plēktō
    - Latin: plēctō

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pel- (drive) (33 c, 0 e)

*pol-ye-ti
- Proto-Italic: *poljō
  - Latin: poliō
*pol-eh₂-yé-ti
- Proto-Italic: *polāō
  - Latin: (inter)polō
*pl̥-yé-ti
- Proto-Hellenic: *pə́l͏̌l͏̌ō
  - Ancient Greek: πάλλω (pállō)
*pl̥-né-ti ~ *pl̥-n-énti
- Proto-Italic: *pelnō
  - Latin: pellō
*pl̥-tós
- Proto-Hellenic: *plətós
  - Ancient Greek: παλτός (paltós) (by analogy to πάλλω)
- Proto-Italic: *poltos
  - ⇒ Latin: pultō

Unsorted formations

>? Proto-Germanic: *fōlijan (“to feel, taste”)^[13]
>? Old Norse: fálma (“to fumble, grope”)^[14]
>? Ancient Greek: πόλεμος (pólemos, “war”)
>? Latin: palpō (“to stroke, pat, caress”)^[13]

Root

*pel- (perhaps related to the above root, i.e. resulting from beating)

flour, dust

Derived terms

Unsorted formations

Proto-Celtic: *ɸlitt-
- Proto-Brythonic: *lliθ
  - Middle Welsh: llith
    - Welsh: llith
- Middle Irish: littiu
  - Irish: leite
  - Scottish Gaelic: lite
Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: πάλη (pálē)
- Ancient Greek: πόλτος (póltos)
  - Greek: πολτός (poltós) (accent probably influenced by πελτές)
Proto-Italic:
- Latin: puls (see there for further descendants)
- Latin: pulvis (see there for further descendants)
- Latin: pollen (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Slavic: *pylъ (see there for further descendants)

Root

*pel-^[15]

alternative reconstruction of *pelH- (“pale, gray”)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*fella-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 135
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “pellis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 455
^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*plěva”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 405
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “^(TÚG)palaḫša-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 619
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Derksen, Rick (2015), “plėnė”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 365: “*pl-ēn-”
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “pellis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 455: “*pelni-”
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*fella-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 135: “*pel-nó-”
^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*pelenà; *pelna”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 394
^ [3], "دوپر" in Dehkhoda Dictionary.
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[4] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 141
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “plangō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 469–470
^ Orel, Vladimir (2000), A Concise Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian, Leiden; Boston; Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page ploje
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 Boutkan, Dirk; Siebinga, Sjoerd (2005), “fela 1”, in Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 1), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 103: “*fōlijanaN (P(W)Gmc.)”
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*fōljan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 150-151
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “falwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[6], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

Proto-Indo-European

Root

Extensions

Derived terms

Root

Extensions

Derived terms

Root

Extensions

Derived terms

Root

Derived terms

Root

References

Further reading