Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃ed-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁ed-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*h₃ed-^[1]^[2]^[3]

to smell

Reconstruction notes

Van Beek posits that the original meaning of this root was “to sting”, and it is continued in the roots *h₃ed- (“to bite”) and *h₃ed- (“to hate”).^[4]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₃ed- (smell) (59 c, 0 e)

*h₃éd-e-ti (thematic root present)^[1]^[5]^[6]^[7]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ṓˀdstei^[7]
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ṓˀstei (“to smell”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *ódō
  - ⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *ód͏̌d͏̌ō (“to smell”) (innovative ye-present^[1]^[8]) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *odō
  - Latin: olō
    - ⇒ Latin: oleō (“to smell; to emit an odor”) (see there for further descendants)

*h₃e-h₃ód-e ~ *h₃e-h₃d-ḗr^[1] or *h₃de-h₃ód-e ~ *h₃de-h₃d-ḗr^[9] (reduplicated stative)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ὀδώδειν (odṓdein)

*h₃od-m̥-h₂ ~ *h₃d-m-és^[8]^[10]
- Proto-Albanian: *admā^[11]
  - Albanian: amë, âmë
- Proto-Hellenic: *odmā́
  - Ancient Greek: ὀσμή (osmḗ), ὀδμή (odmḗ) (see there for further descendants)

*h₃éd-os^[12]^[9]^[8]^[13]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: հոտ (hot) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *ossaz (< *h₃eds-o-s^[14])
  - >? Old Norse: *oss (“smell; fumes, vapors”)
    - Norwegian: os m
    - Swedish: os n
    - Danish: os c
- Proto-Italic: *odōs^[6]
  - Old Latin: odōs
    - Latin: odor (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *-e-h₃éd-ēs^[13] ~ *-e-h₃d-s-és
  - Proto-Armenian:
    - Old Armenian: -ուտ (-ut), -ոտ (-ot) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Hellenic: *-ṓdēs
    - Ancient Greek: -ώδης (-ṓdēs)
  - Proto-Italic: *-ōssos (< earlier *-ōdsos,^[15] or < *-went- + *-tó-s, beside variant -ulentus^[16])
    - Latin: -ōsus, -ōssus (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1. *h₃ed- ‘zu riechen beginnen (intr.)’”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 296
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*h₃ed- ‘smell’”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 528
^ Kölligan, Daniel (2018), “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), volume 3, Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2247: “‘smell’: *h₃ed-”
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὀδύνη”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1047-8
^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*adati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 26
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “odor”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 425-426
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Derksen, Rick (2015), “uosti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 482: “BSL *oʔd-”
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page ὄζω of 1050-1051: “*h₃ed-mh₂-; *h₃ed-os-”
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991), The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Latin (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 50: “*h₃ed-os; *h₃de-h₃d-”
^ Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997), “ãmë”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[1] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 76: “h₃ed-meh₂, *h₃od-meh₂”
^ Orel, Vladimir (2000), “amëz”, in A Concise Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian, Leiden; Boston; Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 4: “PAlb *admā”
^ Macak, Martin (2017), “Chapter X: Armenian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), volume 2, Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Classical Armenian, page 1059: “հոտ hot ‘smell’ < *h₃ed-es- (Lat. odōs, Gk. ὄδμη ‘id.’)”
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999), The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pages 520–521; 47: “*-o-h₃od-ēs (< **-o-h₃ed-es); *h₃édos > *h₃ódos”
^ Hellquist, Elof (1922), “2. os”, in Svensk etymologisk ordbok [Swedish etymological dictionary]‎^[2] (in Swedish), Lund: C. W. K. Gleerups förlag, page 555
^ Weiss, Michael L. (2009), Outline of the Historical and Comparative Grammar of Latin, Ann Arbor: Beech Stave Press, →ISBN, § *-ōdso-, page 296
^ Haudry, Jean (1979), L'indo-européen (in French), page 58

Root

*h₃ed-^[1]^[2]

to hate

Reconstruction notes

The “to stink”, “to hate”, and “to bite” senses may all be etymologically equivalent and stem from an original meaning of “to sting”.^[3] Compare the history of rancor.

Alternatively, the sense “to bite” (or “to be sharp”) might be the original one, and “to smell; to stink” (compare German beißender Gestank, literally “biting stench”) and “to hate” (originally from the perfect “has bitten”?) could be derived from that sense.^[4]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₃ed- (hate) (19 c, 0 e)

*h₃(o)d-^[2]
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ատեամ (ateam), ատեմ (atem) (see there for further descendants)
*h₃e-h₃ód-e ~ *h₃e-h₃d-ḗr (perfect)^[1]
- Proto-Italic: *ōdai
  - Latin: ōdī (see there for further descendants)
*h₃od-éye-ti (causative)^[2]
- Proto-Germanic: *atjaną (see there for further descendants)
^? *h₃ed-olo-s^[2]
- Proto-Germanic: *atalaz (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ὠδυσάμην (ōdusámēn), ὀδύσσομαι (odússomai)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “2. h₃ed-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 296
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*atjan- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 39
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὀδύνη”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1047-8
^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2026), Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[4], page 44

Root

*h₃ed-

to bite

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₃ed- (bite) (70 c, 0 e)

(possibly) *h₃d-ónt- (“*biting; tooth”, participle)
(possibly) *h₃ed-o-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ṓˀdas
  - Proto-Baltic: *uodas^[1]^[2]
    - Eastern Baltic: *uodas
      - Latvian: ods
      - Lithuanian: úodas
  - Proto-Slavic: *ovadъ (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992), “ods”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca [Latvian Etymological Dictionary]‎^[5] (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN
^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “uodas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 480

[LIV-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1. *h₃ed- ‘zu riechen beginnen (intr.)’”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 296

[2] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*h₃ed- ‘smell’”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 528

[3] Kölligan, Daniel (2018), “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), volume 3, Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2247: “‘smell’: *h₃ed-”

[4] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὀδύνη”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1047-8

[5] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*adati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 26

[EDL-6] 6.0 ^6.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “odor”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 425-426

[EDBIL-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Derksen, Rick (2015), “uosti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 482: “BSL *oʔd-”

[EDG-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page ὄζω of 1050-1051: “*h₃ed-mh₂-; *h₃ed-os-”

[Schrijver-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991), The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Latin (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 50: “*h₃ed-os; *h₃de-h₃d-”

[10] Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997), “ãmë”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[1] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 76: “h₃ed-meh₂, *h₃od-meh₂”

[11] Orel, Vladimir (2000), “amëz”, in A Concise Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian, Leiden; Boston; Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 4: “PAlb *admā”

[12] Macak, Martin (2017), “Chapter X: Armenian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), volume 2, Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Classical Armenian, page 1059: “հոտ hot ‘smell’ < *h₃ed-es- (Lat. odōs, Gk. ὄδμη ‘id.’)”

[Olsen-13] 13.0 ^13.1 Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999), The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pages 520–521; 47: “*-o-h₃od-ēs (< **-o-h₃ed-es); *h₃édos > *h₃ódos”

[14] Hellquist, Elof (1922), “2. os”, in Svensk etymologisk ordbok [Swedish etymological dictionary]‎^[2] (in Swedish), Lund: C. W. K. Gleerups förlag, page 555

[15] Weiss, Michael L. (2009), Outline of the Historical and Comparative Grammar of Latin, Ann Arbor: Beech Stave Press, →ISBN, § *-ōdso-, page 296

[16] Haudry, Jean (1979), L'indo-européen (in French), page 58

[LIV-17] 1.0 ^1.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “2. h₃ed-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 296

[Kroonen-18] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*atjan- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 39

[19] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὀδύνη”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1047-8

[20] Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2026), Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[4], page 44

[21] Karulis, Konstantīns (1992), “ods”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca [Latvian Etymological Dictionary]‎^[5] (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN

[22] Derksen, Rick (2015), “uodas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 480

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