Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/oḱtṓw
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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Etymology
[edit]The term has been interpreted as the dual of a stem *(H)oḱto- (“four fingers”). This erstwhile singular may appear in Avestan 𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬌- (ašti-, “breadth of four fingers”) and was perhaps borrowed into Proto-Kartvelian as *otxo- (“four”). Sihler, however, argues that—in Sanskrit—the dual endings -āu usually only occur about one-seventh as frequently as the alternative ending -ā. However, in the case of this numeral, अ॒ष्ट (aṣṭá) appears around a third as often as the form अ॒ष्टौ (aṣṭáu).[1]
Numeral
[edit]| 80 | ||
| ← 7 | 8 | 9 → |
|---|---|---|
| Cardinal: *oḱtṓw Ordinal: *oḱtṓwos | ||
Reconstruction notes
[edit]Schrijver suggests a reconstruction with initial *h₃e- is perhaps preferable as the other numerals from *tréyes (“three”) to *déḱm̥ (“ten”) showcases the e-grade. However, also according to the Schrijver, the lack of initial *h- in the Armenian descendants suggests a pre-form beginning with *Hoḱ- or *Hḱ-.[5] Martirosyan suggests that the vocalism of the Armenian term could derive from a zero-grade sequence *h₃ḱ-, though it may also have emerged due the influence of an ordinal number.[6]
Alternative reconstructions
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]- *oḱtṓw-o-s (“eighth”)
- *oḱtó-dḱ-omt (“eighty”)
Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Albanian: *aktṓ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Anatolian:
- Lycian: 𐊀𐊆𐊗𐊙𐊗𐊀 (aitãta)
- Proto-Armenian: *owtu
- Old Armenian: ութ (utʻ, “eight”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *aśtṓ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *oxtū (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *ahtōu (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *oktṓ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haštā́ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *oktō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian: *óktu[13] (see there for further descendants)
See also
[edit]Proto-Indo-European cardinal numbers from 1 to 90
| —0 | —1 | —2 | —3 | —4 | —5 | —6 | —7 | —8 | —9 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0— | — | *h₁óynos, *sḗm | *dwóh₁ | *tréyes | *kʷetwóres | *pénkʷe | *swéḱs | *septḿ̥ | *oḱtṓw | *h₁néwn̥ |
| 10— | *déḱm̥ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 20— | *wídḱm̥ti | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 30— | *tridḱómth₂ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 40— | *kʷétwr̥dḱomth₂ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 50— | *pénkʷedḱomth₂ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 60— | *swéḱsdḱomth₂ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 70— | *septḿ̥dḱomth₂ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 80— | *oḱtṓdḱomth₂ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 90— | *h₁néwn̥dḱomth₂ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
References
[edit]- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 414
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[1], 1st edition, Oxford: University Press, →ISBN, page 18: “*oḱtṓw”
- ^ Lundquist, Jesse; Yates, Anthony D. (2018), “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), volume 3, Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Proto-Indo-European, page 2104: “*ok̑tṓ(u)”
- ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), “ok̑tō(u)”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 775
- ^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991), The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Latin (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 49
- ^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “ut‘”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 631
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὀκτώ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1066: “*h₃eḱteh₃(u)”
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “aṣṭá-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 63-64
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “octō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 424-5
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “aštuoni”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 64-65
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*oxtū”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 304
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*ok̂tṓ ~ *ok̂tṓu”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, pages 402-403
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “okt”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 115-116
Further reading
[edit]- Bjørn, Rasmus (2019), “Nouns and Foreign Numerals: Anatolian ‘Four’ and the Development of the PIE Decimal System”, in Matilde Serangeli and Thomas Olander, editors, Dispersals and Diversification: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 19), Leiden and Boston: Brill, , pages 57, 62–64