هنر

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian هُنَر (hunar, “art; craft, ability”), from Middle Persian 𐫍𐫇𐫗𐫡 (hwnr /⁠hunar⁠/, “virtue, ability, skill”), ultimately from Old Persian 𐎢𐎺𐎴𐎼 (ʰuvnara, “talent, capability”).

Noun

هنر • (hüner) (definite accusative هنری (hüneri), plural هنرلر (hünerler))

1. craft, dexterity, ingenuity, adroitness

   Synonyms: اوسته‌لق (ustalık), صنعت (sanʼat, zanʼat), معرفت (maʼrifet)

   هنر صاتمق ― hüner satmak ― to pretend to be clever

2. ability, skill, talent, competence

   Synonyms: صنعت (sanʼat, zanʼat), مهارت (maharet)

   هنر كوسترمك ― hüner göstermek ― to exhibit a skill or talent

3. art

   Synonyms: صنعت (sanʼat, zanʼat), فن (fenn)

Derived terms

• هنربند (hünerbend, “skillful performer”)
• هنرسز (hünersiz, “talentless”)
• هنرلو (hünerli, “talented, skillful”)
• هنرمندی (hünermendi, “quality or act of a talented man”)
• هنرپرور (hüner-perver, “talent scout”)

Descendants

• Turkish: hüner
• → Greek: χουνέρι (chounéri)

Further reading

click to expand

• Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007), “hüner1”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 2020
• Hindoglu, Artin (1838), “هنر”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français‎^[1], Vienna: F. Beck, page 497b
• Kélékian, Diran (1911), “هنر”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎^[2] (in French), Constantinople: Mihran, page 1329a
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687), “Ars”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎^[3], Vienna, column 86
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680), “هنر”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎^[4], Vienna, column 5504
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “hüner”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Redhouse, James W. (1890), “هنر”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[5], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 2172

Persian

Etymology

Inherited from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwnl), 𐫍𐫇𐫗𐫡 (hwnr /⁠hunar⁠/, “virtue, ability, skill”), from Old Persian 𐎢𐎺𐎴𐎼 (ʰuvnara, “talent, capability”), from Proto-Iranian *hu-nara, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁su- (“good”) + *h₂nḗr (“man; power, force, vital energy”). Cognate with Old Armenian հնար (hnar, “means, way”) (from Iranian), Avestan 𐬵𐬎𐬥𐬀𐬭𐬀 m (hunara, “skill, strength”), Sanskrit सूनर (sū-nára, “possessing vital strength, mighty, prosperous, beautiful”) and सुन्दर (sundara, “beautiful, charming”).

Compare also formally identical formations in other Indo-European languages: Old Irish so-nirt, so-nairt (“strong”), Welsh hy-nerth (“mighty”), Ancient Greek εὐ-ήνωρ (eu-ḗnōr, “manly”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): /hu.ˈnar/

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [hʊ.náɾ]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [hʊ.náɾ]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [ʔʊ.náɾ]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [ʔu.náɾ]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [ho.nǽɹ]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [hu.náɾ]

• Rhymes: -ar

Readings
Classical reading?	hunar
Dari reading?	hunar
Iranian reading?	honar
Tajik reading?	hunar

• Audio (Iran):

  (file)

Noun

Dari	هنر
Iranian Persian
Tajik	ҳунар

هنر • (hunar / honar) (plural هنرها (hunar-hā / honar-hâ), Tajik spelling ҳунар)

1. art

   هنرهای تجسمی ― honar-hâ-ye tajasomi ― visual arts

   هنرهای زیبا ― honar-hâ-ye zibâ ― fine arts

2. (archaic) craft, ability, art

   Synonyms: صنعت (san'at), فن (fann), توانایی (tawānāī)

3. (archaic) knowledge, wisdom

   Synonyms: دانش (dâneš), علم ('elm)

4. (archaic) virtue, merit, excellence

   Synonyms: لیاقت (līyāqat), فضیلت (fazīlat)

Derived terms

• هنر پرور (honar-parvar, “patron of art”)
• هنرستان (honarestân, “art school”)
• هنرمند (honarmand, “artist, artistic”)
• هنرمندانه (honarmandâne, “artfully”)
• هنرور (honarvar, “artful”)
• هنرپیشه (honarpiše, “artist”)
• هنری (honari, “artistic”)

Descendants

• → Armenian: հունար (hunar), հյուներ (hyuner)
• → Baluchi: ہُنَر (hwnər)
• → Bashkir: һөнәр (hünär)
• → Chagatai: هُنَر (hnr /⁠hunär⁠/)
  • Uyghur: ھۇنەر (huner)
  • Uzbek: hunar
• → Georgian: უნარი (unari)
• → Gujarati: હુન્નર (hunnar)
• → Hindustani:

  Hindi: हुनर (hunar)

  Urdu: ہُنَر (hunar)

• → Kazakh: өнер (öner)
• → Kurdish:

  Northern Kurdish: huner, hiner

• → Kyrgyz: өнөр (önör)
• → Old Anatolian Turkish: هُنَر (hüner)
  • Azerbaijani: hünər
  • Ottoman Turkish: هُنَر (hüner)
    • Turkish: hüner
    • → Greek: χουνέρι (chounéri)
• → Pashto: هُنَر (hunár)
• → Punjabi:

  Gurmukhi script: ਹੁਨਰ (hunar)

  Shahmukhi script: ہُنَر (hunar)

• → Sindhi:

  Devanagari script: हुनरु

  Arabic script: هُنَرُ (hunaru)

• → Turkmen: hünär

References

• Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1977), “հնար”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume III, Yerevan: University Press, page 104b
• Boyce, Mary (1977), “hwnr”, in A word-list of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian (Acta Iranica 9a, Série 3 – “Textes et mémoires”, vol. 2-supplément)‎^[6], with a reverse index by Ronald Zwanziger, Leiden, Tehran-Liège: E.J. Brill, Bibliothèque Pahlavi, page 49
• Horn, Paul (1893), Grundriss der neupersischen Etymologie (in German), Strasbourg: K.J. Trübner, § 1108, pages 247–248
• Hübschmann, Heinrich (1897), Armenische Grammatik. 1. Theil: Armenische Etymologie (in German), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, page 181
• MacKenzie, D. N. (1971), “hunar”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 44
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1976), Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎^[7] (in German), volume III, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 493
• Nyberg, H. S. (1974), A Manual of Pahlavi, Part II: Glossary, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 102b
• Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999), The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 891
• Pokorny, Julius (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 765
• Edelʹman, D. I. (2015), Этимологический словарь иранских языков [Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov, Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 5, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 479