πολύς
Ancient Greek
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Indo-European *polh₁ús (“much, many”), o-grade derivative of the root *pleh₁- (“to fill”).
Cognates include Latin plūs (“more”), Sanskrit पु॒रु (purú, “much, many, abundant”), Old Irish oll (“great, vast”), Old English fela (“much, many”) and Old Armenian յոլով (yolov).[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /po.lýs/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /poˈlys/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /poˈlys/
- (10th CE Medieval) IPA(key): /poˈlys/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /poˈlis/
Adjective
[edit]πολῠ́ς • (polŭ́s) m (feminine πολλή, neuter πολῠ́); first/second declension
- (of number, in the plural) many, a lot of
- (with nouns of multitude) large, great
- (of amount, with mass nouns) a lot of, much
- (rare, of a person) great, mighty
- (of sound) loud
- (attributively, adverbial) strongly, fully
- (of space) wide, large
- (of distance) far
- (of time) long; late
- πολὺν χρόνον ― polùn khrónon ― for a long time
- 431 BCE – 404 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.101.3:
- ἔτι πολλῆς νυκτός
- éti pollês nuktós
- though [it was] still late night
- ἔτι πολλῆς νυκτός
- neuter πολύ (polú) or πολλά (pollá) as substantive
- much, a lot
- πολλὰ πιών καὶ πολλὰ φαγών καὶ πολλὰ κάκ’ εἰπὼν ἀνθρώπους κεῖμαι Τιμοκρέων Ῥόδιος
- pollà piṓn kaì pollà phagṓn kaì pollà kák’ eipṑn anthrṓpous keîmai Timokréōn Rhódios
- After much drinking, much eating and much slandering of men I lie here, Timocreon of Rhodes.
- (of distance) A great distance, far
- much, a lot
Usage notes
[edit]- Unlike in English, when πολύς (polús) is combined with another adjective, it is usually joined to the adjective with καί (kaí)
- πολλὰ καὶ κακά ― pollà kaì kaká ― many bad things (literally, “many and bad things”).
- The Attic declension is a mix of forms from two stems, which both derive from the original stem *πολϝ- (*polw-):
- πολῠ́- (polŭ́-, < *πολϝ- (*polw-))
- πολλό- (polló-, < *πολλ- (*poll-) < *πολϝ- (*polw-))
- The Epic declension also has forms from a third stem, πουλῠ́- (poulŭ́-).
Declension
[edit]| singular | plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | ||
| nominative | πολῠ́ςpolŭ́s | πολλήpollḗ | πολῠ́polŭ́ | πολλοίpolloí | πολλαίpollaí | πολλᾰ́pollắ | |
| genitive | πολλοῦpolloû | πολλῆςpollês | πολλοῦpolloû | πολλῶνpollôn | πολλῶνpollôn | πολλῶνpollôn | |
| dative | πολλῷpollōî | πολλῇpollēî | πολλῷpollōî | πολλοῖςpolloîs | πολλαῖςpollaîs | πολλοῖςpolloîs | |
| accusative | πολῠ́νpolŭ́n | πολλήνpollḗn | πολῠ́polŭ́ | πολλούςpolloús | πολλᾱ́ςpollā́s | πολλᾰ́pollắ | |
| vocative | πολῠ́polŭ́ | πολλήpollḗ | πολῠ́polŭ́ | πολλοίpolloí | πολλαίpollaí | πολλᾰ́pollắ | |
- This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.
| singular | plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | ||
| nominative | πολῠ́ς πουλῠ́ς πολλόςpolŭ́s poulŭ́s pollós |
πολλή πουλῠ́ςpollḗ poulŭ́s |
πολῠ́ πουλῠ́ πολλόνpolŭ́ poulŭ́ pollón |
πολλοί πολέες πολεῖςpolloí polées poleîs |
πολλαί πολέες πολεῖςpollaí polées poleîs |
πολλᾰ́ πολέᾰpollắ poléă | |
| genitive | πολέοςpoléos | πολλῆςpollês | πολέοςpoléos | πολλῶν πολέωνpollôn poléōn |
πολλᾱ́ων πολλέων πολλῶν πολέωνpollā́ōn polléōn pollôn poléōn |
πολλῶν πολέωνpollôn poléōn | |
| dative | πολλῷpollōî | πολλῇpollēî | πολλῷpollōî | πολλοῖσῐ πολλοῖσῐν πολλοῖς πολέσῐ πολέσῐν πολέσσῐ πολέσσῐν πολέεσσῐ πολέεσσῐνpolloîsĭ(n) polloîs polésĭ(n) poléssĭ(n) poléessĭ(n) |
πολλῇσῐ πολλῇσῐν πολλῇς πολλαῖςpollēîsĭ(n) pollēîs pollaîs |
πολλοῖσῐ πολλοῖσῐν πολλοῖς πολέσῐ πολέσῐν πολέσσῐ πολέσσῐν πολέεσσῐ πολέεσσῐνpolloîsĭ(n) polloîs polésĭ(n) poléssĭ(n) poléessĭ(n) | |
| accusative | πολῠ́ν πουλῠ́ν πολλόνpolŭ́n poulŭ́n pollón |
πολλήν πουλῠ́νpollḗn poulŭ́n |
πολῠ́ πουλῠ́ πολλόνpolŭ́ poulŭ́ pollón |
πολλούς πολέᾰςpolloús poléăs |
πολλᾱ́ς πολέᾰςpollā́s poléăs |
πολλᾰ́ πολέᾰpollắ poléă | |
| vocative | πολῠ́ πουλῠ́ πολλέpolŭ́ poulŭ́ pollé |
πολλή πουλῠ́pollḗ poulŭ́ |
πολῠ́ πουλῠ́ πολλόνpolŭ́ poulŭ́ pollón |
πολλοί πολέες πολεῖςpolloí polées poleîs |
πολλαί πολέες πολεῖςpollaí polées poleîs |
πολλᾰ́ πολέᾰpollắ poléă | |
- Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.
Antonyms
[edit]- ὀλίγος (olígos)
Derived terms
[edit]- ἐπῐτοπολῠ́ς (epĭtopolŭ́s)
- μετᾰπολῠ́ς (metăpolŭ́s)
- περῐπολλόν (perĭpollón)
- πολλᾰ́κῐ (pollắkĭ)
- πολλᾰ́κῐς (pollắkĭs)
- πολῠβόειος (polŭbóeios)
- πολῠγᾰμῐ́ᾱ (polŭgămĭ́ā)
- Πολῠδεύκης (Polŭdeúkēs)
- πολῠ́ῐ̈χθῠς (polŭ́ĭ̈khthŭs)
- πολῠμᾰθής (polŭmăthḗs)
- πολῠ́μητῐς (polŭ́mētĭs)
- Πολῠ́μνῐᾰ (Polŭ́mnĭă)
- πολῠ́πους (polŭ́pous)
- πολῠ́σημος (polŭ́sēmos)
- πολῠ́σπᾰστον (polŭ́spăston)
- πολῠ́τλᾱς (polŭ́tlās)
- πολῠ́τροπος (polŭ́tropos)
Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “πολύς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1220
Further reading
[edit]- “πολύς”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “πολύς”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “πολύς”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891), A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- “πολύς” in Bailly, Anatole (1935), Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001), A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- πολύς in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924), A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “πολύς”, in Slater, William J. (1969), Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- Strong, James (1979), “G4183”, in Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910), English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- abundant idem, page 5.
- affluent idem, page 17.
- ample idem, page 28.
- bitter idem, page 80.
- considerable idem, page 163.
- copious idem, page 173.
- deal idem, page 198.
- deep idem, page 203.
- divers idem, page 243.
- extensive idem, page 296.
- flowing idem, page 330.
- full idem, page 348.
- generous idem, page 356.
- great idem, page 372.
- heavy idem, page 393.
- highest idem, page 400.
- huge idem, page 409.
- immense idem, page 417.
- large idem, page 476.
- liberal idem, page 488.
- long idem, page 498.
- many idem, page 513.
- much idem, page 545.
- multitudinous idem, page 546.
- numerous idem, page 563.
- overflowing idem, page 585.
- plentiful idem, page 620.
- profuse idem, page 653.
- quantity idem, page 663.
- repeated idem, page 696.
- rich idem, page 712.
- stream idem, page 824.
- strong idem, page 827.
- teeming idem, page 859.
- ungrudging idem, page 920.
- unremitting idem, page 929.
- unsparing idem, page 932.
- various idem, page 944.
- vast idem, page 945.
- voluminous idem, page 956.
- wealthy idem, page 970.
- πολύς, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011
Greek
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Ancient Greek πολύς (polús, “many”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]πολύς • (polýs) m (feminine πολλή, neuter πολύ)
- much, many, a lot of
- Αγόρασα πολύ λάδι. ― Agórasa polý ládi. ― I bought a lot of oil.
- too much
- Έβαλες πολλή ζάχαρη στον καφέ. ― Évales pollí záchari ston kafé. ― You put too much sugar in the coffee.
Declension
[edit]| singular | plural | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | ||
| nominative | πολύς (polýs) | πολλή (pollí) | πολύ (polý) | πολλοί (polloí) | πολλές (pollés) | πολλά (pollá) | |
| genitive | πολύ (polý) πολλού (polloú)1 |
πολλής (pollís) | πολύ (polý) πολλού (polloú)1 |
πολλών (pollón) | πολλών (pollón) | πολλών (pollón) | |
| accusative | πολύ (polý) | πολλή (pollí) | πολύ (polý) | πολλούς (polloús) | πολλές (pollés) | πολλά (pollá) | |
| vocative | πολύ (polý) | πολλή (pollí) | πολύ (polý) | πολλοί (polloí) | πολλές (pollés) | πολλά (pollá) | |
Notes: 1 rare
Derivations:
Comparative: πιο + positive forms (e.g. πιο πολύς, etc.)
Relative superlative: definite article + πιο + positive forms (e.g. ο πιο πολύς, etc.)
Derivations: relative superlative: ο + comparative forms: e.g. ο περισσότερος (o perissóteros), etc.
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Related terms
[edit]Categories:
- Ancient Greek terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pleh₁-
- Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pelh₁-
- Ancient Greek 2-syllable words
- Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ancient Greek lemmas
- Ancient Greek adjectives
- Ancient Greek oxytone terms
- Ancient Greek terms with rare senses
- Ancient Greek terms with collocations
- Ancient Greek terms with quotations
- Ancient Greek terms with usage examples
- Greek terms inherited from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Greek lemmas
- Greek adjectives
- Greek terms with usage examples
- Greek adjectives in declension πολύς
- Greek irregular adjectives
- Greek suppletive adjectives