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Supreme Political Council

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Supreme Political Council
المجلس السياسي الأعلى
Overview
Established28 July 2016 (2016-07-28)
Leader
MinistriesGovernment of Change and Construction
HeadquartersSanaa
Websiteyemen.gov.ye (dead)
(27 April 2021 archive)
Territory controlled by the Houthis before the 2026 Yemen offensives

The Supreme Political Council (SPC; Arabic: المجلس السياسي الأعلى, romanized: al-Majlis as-Siyāsiyy al-ʾAʿlā) is an extraconstitutional[clarification needed][1] rival executive established in 2016 in Sanaa by the Houthis and the pro-Houthi faction of the General People's Congress (GPC) to rule areas of Yemen under their control (formerly in the Yemen Arab Republic, AKA North Yemen) opposed to the internationally recognized Presidential Leadership Council (PLC) in Aden.[2] The SPC carries out the functions of head of state in Yemen, appointing the country's cabinet and managing the Yemen's state affairs in a bid to fill in political vacuum during the Yemeni Civil War.[3] The Council aims to outline a basis for running the country and managing state affairs on the basis of the constitution.[4][5] Since 2018, the SPC has been headed by Mahdi al-Mashat as Chairman of the Council.[5]

The SPC was formed on 28 July 2016 with an initial ten members and was headed by Saleh Ali al-Sammad as president and Qassem Labozah as vice-president. The members were sworn in on 14 August 2016,[6] and the next day the Supreme Revolutionary Committee (SRC) handed power to the Supreme Political Council.[7] After al-Sammad was killed in a drone strike on 19 April 2018, chairmanship of the SPC passed to Mahdi al-Mashat. Under the SPC is subordinate the Cabinet of Yemen, which it appoints and supervises government officials who oversee relevant ministries; since 2016 two governments have been established under the council. In 2016 the SPC appointed former Aden governor Abdel-Aziz bin Habtour to form a ministry known as the National Salvation Government (NSG).[8] In September 2023 the NSG was dismissed and replaced by a caretaker administration which continued to be headed by Habtour. In August 2024 a Presidential resolution appointed Ahmad al-Rahawi as the head of a new ministry known as the 'Government of Change and Construction' (GCC).[9][10] Eight days later the House of Representatives (in Sanaa) approved the cabinet and called for a 36-point 'general program'.[11] However, on August 28, 2025 Israel launched Operation Lucky Drop, assassinating the Prime Minister amongst other government officials of the SPC. On August 30, 2025, after confirming the assassinations, the Houthis appointed Muhammad Ahmed Miftah as the new Prime Minister of the SPC. The assassination of the SPC's Defense Minister has not yet been confirmed by the Houthis.

The SPC remains internationally unrecognized compared to the PLC in Aden and is acknowledged only by Iran, with the Houthis placing an ambassador to Iran in August 2019.[4][12][13] The formation of the SPC has been condemned by the international community; with the United Nations (UN) officially describing the act as "a clear violation of the Yemeni constitution" and denounced the council for sabotaging the Yemeni peace process.[4][14][15]

Background

[edit]
Yemen prior to the 1990 unification

The Houthis, a Zaydi Shia revivalist political and military organization from northern Yemen, have been involved in conflicts with the Yemeni government since the early 2000s, especially with former Yemeni president Ali Abdullah Saleh.

Since January 2010 during the Houthi insurgency,[16][17][18] the Houthis have maintained de facto governance over significant portions of northern and western Yemen, including the capital, Sanaa since 2014. Their administration, the Supreme Political Council, operates in opposition to the internationally recognized government of Yemen.[19][20][21] The Houthis aim to govern all of Yemen and support external movements against the United States, Israel, and Saudi Arabia.[22] Because of the Houthis' ideological background, the conflict in Yemen is widely seen as a front of the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war.[23]

In September 2014, after the Battle of Sanaa and during the Houthi takeover of Yemen of the Yemeni civil war, Houthi insurgents expanded their influence dramatically by seizing the capital, Sana’a, and ousting president Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi. A Saudi Arabian-led military intervention in 2015 aimed at restoring Hadi's government, but it sparked a prolonged and devastating war, and several proto-state entities claim to govern Yemen.[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]

In the wake of president Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi and prime minister Khaled Bahah resignations over Houthi rebels takeover of presidential palace in January 2015, Houthi leader Abdul Malik Al Houthi reportedly proposed a six-member "transitional presidential council" which would have equal representation from north and south, although this proposal was rejected by the Southern Movement.[32] Nevertheless, on 1 February, the Houthis gave an ultimatum to Yemen's political factions warning that if they did not reach a solution to the current political crisis, then the Houthi "revolutionary leadership" would assume formal authority over the state.[33] According to Reuters, political factions have agreed to form an interim presidential council to manage the country for up to one year. Former South Yemen president Ali Nasser Mohammed was originally being considered as a prospective interim leader, but Mohammed later declined the post.[34]

On 6 February 2015, the Houthis formally assumed over authority in Sanaa, declaring the dissolution of House of Representatives and announced that a "presidential council" would be formed to lead Yemen for two years, while a "revolutionary committee" would be put in charge of forming a new, 551-member national council.[35] This governance plan was later affirmed by Houthi Ansarullah politburo leader Saleh Ali al-Sammad as he said that national council would choose a five-member presidential council to govern the country.[36]

This section is an excerpt from Aftermath of the Houthi takeover of Yemen.[edit]

After seizing the capital in September 2014, the Houthis obtained the resignations of President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, Prime Minister Khaled Bahah, and the cabinet in January 2015 and then moved to dissolve parliament and instated the Supreme Revolutionary Committee to govern their territory of Yemen on 6 February 2015.[37][38] However, despite their military successes and an alleged alliance with the former ruling General People's Congress,[39][40] the Houthis faced widespread domestic and international opposition to the coup and they assented to United Nations–led talks on a power-sharing deal.[41][42] At least one analyst went so far as to suggest the Houthis' declaration "fizzled" in the days after it was announced, although they have Ali Abdullah Saleh's political support.[43]

On 21 February 2015, one month after Houthi militants confined him to his residence in Sanaa, Hadi slipped out of the capital and traveled to Aden, the capital of the former People's Democratic Republic of Yemen. In a televised address from his hometown, he declared that the Houthi takeover was illegitimate and indicated he remained the constitutional president of Yemen.[44][45][46] Hadi's ex-ministers were released by the Houthis on 16 March as a "goodwill gesture".[47] On 21 March, Hadi officially proclaimed Aden to be the temporary capital of Yemen, until his pledged recapture of Sana'a.[48] Within days, however, a Houthi-led military campaign wrested much of southern Yemen from Hadi's loyalists, prompting Hadi to flee his presidential palace in Aden[49] and Saudi Arabia to launch airstrikes against Houthi positions throughout the country.[50]

Administrative control

[edit]
Territory controlled by the Houthis shown in teal.

As of March 2025, the Houthis control Sana'a, the capital and largest city of Yemen, as well as most of the country's northwestern region, including the Red Sea coastline.[51][52][53] In 2021 the US government estimated that the Houthis controlled approximately one-third of Yemen’s territory. This territory contained approximately 70 to 80 percent of the population.[54]

Governance and administration

[edit]

The Houthis have established a parallel government known as the Supreme Political Council, headquartered in Sana’a. While not internationally recognized, the SPC administers civil services, taxation, and law enforcement in Houthi-held areas.[55][4][5] Since 2018, the SPC has been headed by Mahdi al-Mashat as Chairman of the Council.[5]

International relations

[edit]

The Supreme Political Council currently only has diplomatic relations with Iran, which provides them with military and logistical support, though Iran denies direct involvement.[56] Relations with Ba'athist Syria existed between 2015 and 2023. Additionally, the government allegedly has diplomatic contacts with Russia,[57][58][59] North Korea,[60][61] and Abkhazia. In 2015, The Wall Street Journal reported that the government would seek contacts with China, Iran, and Russia.[62] In 2016, a National Salvation government official had invited several North Korean diplomats to Damascus.[63] The same year, a delegation of the National Salvation government visited Russia and met the Russian Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs.[64] In 2017, Foreign Minister Hisham Sharaf Abdullah met with the chargés d’affaires of the Russian and the Syrian Embassy in Sanaa.[65][66] In August 2019, the National Salvation government appointed an Ambassador to Tehran.[12][67] In early 2020, the Saba News Agency reported that Hisham Sharaf Abdullah called China a "friendly government".[68] In October 2020, Iran appointed Hasan Irlu as its ambassador to Sanaa.[69][70][71] Two months later, the United States sanctioned Irlu.[72] In August 2020, the National Salvation government appointed an ambassador to Damascus.[73] In March 2021, the National Salvation government appointed Ambassador in Damascus met with the Abkhaz Ambassador to Syria.[74] In October 2023, Syria expelled representatives of the National Salvation government from the Yemeni embassy in Damascus.[75]

The President, the Parliament Speaker and the Foreign Minister of the National Salvation government have sent numerous diplomatic notes to a wide range of countries such as Algeria,[76] Bahamas,[77] Comoros,[78] Kiribati,[79] Malawi,[80] Malta,[81] Mongolia,[82] Montenegro,[83] Slovenia,[84] South Sudan,[85] Venezuela[86] and Uzbekistan.[87]

The Houthis' conflict with Saudi Arabia has led to cross-border attacks, including missile and drone strikes on Saudi and Emirati targets. As of 2026, the group has also been designated a terrorist organization by the United States,[88] Malaysia,[89] Australia,[90][91] Canada,[92] New Zealand[93][94], several Gulf nations[95][96] and Costa Rica.[97]

Current members

[edit]

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs lists the following members of the SPC:[98]

Sr. No. Status Name
1 Chairman Mahdi al-Mashat
2 Vice Chairman Sadeq Amin Abu Rass
3 Prime Minister Muhammad Ahmed Miftah
4 Member Muhammad Ali al-Houthi
5 Member Jaber Abdullah Ghaleb Al-Wahbani
6 Member Mubarak Saleh Al-Mishn al-Zaidi
7 Member Sultan Ahmed Abd Rabbo al-Samei
8 Member Khaled Mohammed Saeed al-Dini
9 Member Salih Mabkhout al-Nuaimi

Cabinets

[edit]

Government of Change and Construction (2024–present)

[edit]

On 10 August 2024, Ahmed al-Rahawi was appointed as prime minister of Yemen and tasked with forming a ministry known as the 'Government of Change and Construction' by the President of the Supreme Political Council Mahdi al-Mashat.[10] Two days later the composition of the new government was announced in a presidential resolution.[99] On 18 August 2024 the House of Representatives (San'aa) gave confidence to the government and called on it to follow a 36-point 'general program' prepared by a house of representatives special committee.[11] The government and SPC continues to be internationally unrecognised in comparison with the Presidential Leadership Council (PLC).[100]

On 28 August 2025, a series of Israeli airstrikes killed Rahawi and nine other ministers.[101]

  Incumbent
† Assassinated
Government of Change and Construction
Portfolio (ministries) Minister Term start Term end Ref
Prime Minister of Yemen Ahmed al-Rahawi 10 August 2024 28 August 2025 † [99][102]
Muhammad Ahmed Miftah 30 August 2025 Incumbent
First Deputy Prime Minister 12 August 2024 30 August 2025
Deputy Prime Minister for Defence and Security Affairs Lt-General Jalal Ali Ali Al-Rowaishan 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Deputy Prime Minister for Administration, Local and Rural Development Mohamed Hassan Ismail Al-Madani 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Minister of Defense Maj-General Mohamed al-Atifi 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Ministry of Interior Maj-General Abdul Karim Amir al-Din al-Houthi 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Minister of Justice and Human Rights Judge Mujahid Ahmed Abdullah Ali 12 August 2024 28 August 2025 †
Minister of Civil Service and Administrative Development Khaled Hussein Saleh Al-Hawali 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Minister of Transport and Public Works Maj-General Mohamed Ayyash Mohamed Qahim 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Minister of Finance Abdul-Jabbar Ahmed Mohammed Mohammed 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Minister of Economy, Industry and Investment Moeen Hashem Ahmed Al-Mahagri 12 August 2024 28 August 2025 †
Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Water Resources Radwan Ali Ali Al-Rubai 12 August 2024 28 August 2025 †
Minister of Education and Scientific Research Hassan Abdullah Yahya Al-Saadi 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Minister of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants Jamal Amer 12 August 2024 28 August 2025 †
Minister of Oil and Minerals Abdullah Abdulaziz Abdulrahman Al-Amir 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Minister of Electricity, Energy and Water Ali Saif Mohamed Hassan 12 August 2024 28 August 2025 †
Minister of Health and Environment Ali Abdul Karim Ali Shaiban 12 August 2024 Incumbent
Minister of Culture and Tourism Ali Qasim Hussein Al Yafei 12 August 2024 28 August 2025 †
Minister of Social Affairs and Labour Samir Mohamed Ahmed Bajaala 12 August 2024 28 August 2025 †
Minister of Information Hashem Ahmed Abdulrahman Sharafuddin 12 August 2024 28 August 2025 †
Minister of Youth and Sports Mohamed Ali Ahmed Al-Mawlid 12 August 2024 28 August 2025 †
Minister of Communications and Information Technology Mohammed Ahmed Mohammed Al-Mahdi 12 August 2024 Incumbent

National Salvation Government (2016–2023)

[edit]

On 2 October 2016, Abdel-Aziz bin Habtour was appointed as prime minister by the Houthis.[8] On 4 October, he formed his cabinet.[103] The cabinet was composed of members of the Southern Movement.[103] However, the cabinet is not internationally recognized.[104]

On 28 November 2016, a new cabinet was formed.[105] It is only composed of members of the pro-Saleh GPC and the Houthis.

However, the UN Special Envoy for Yemen Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed said the move was "a new and unnecessary obstacle. Yemen is at a critical juncture. The actions recently taken by Ansarullah and the General People's Congress will only complicate the search for a peaceful solution. The parties must hold Yemen’s national interests above narrow partisan ambitions and take immediate steps to end political divisions and address the country’s security, humanitarian and economic challenges." He further claimed that such an action could harm peace talks.[106]

On 27 October 2020, the Minister of Youth and Sport Hassan Mohammed Zaid was shot dead by unknown gunmen in the capital Sanaa.[107]

On 27 September 2023, the National Salvation Government was dismissed and replaced by a caretaker government. Habtour continued as caretaker prime minister before being elevated to the SPC in 2024.[9]

National Salvation Government
Portfolio (ministries) Minister Term start Term end
Prime Minister of Yemen Abdel-Aziz bin Habtour 4 October 2016 10 August 2024
Deputy Prime Minister for the Affairs of the Security Jalal al-Rowaishan 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Deputy Prime Minister for the Affairs of the Service Mahmoud Abdel Kader al-Jounaïd 1 January 2018 27 September 2023
Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs Hussein Abdullah Mkabuli 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Interior Abdulhakim Ahmed al-Mawri 13 December 2017 27 September 2023
Minister of Planning and International Cooperation Abdulaziz Al-Kumaim July 2017 27 September 2023
Minister of Information Dhaifallah Qasim Saleh al-Shami[108] 10 November 2018 27 September 2023
Minister of Foreign Affairs Hisham Sharaf Abdullah 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of State for National Dialogue Outcomes' Affairs and National Reconciliation Ahmed Saleh al-Ganie 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Youth and Sport Hassan Mohammed Zaid 28 November 2016 27 October 2020[107]
Minister of Legal Affairs Abdulrahman Ahmed al-Mukhtar 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Education Yahia Badreddin al-Houthi 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Civil Service and Insurance Talal Aklan 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs and the Shura Council Ali Abdullah Abu Hulaykah 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Defense Mohamed al-Atifi 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Industry and Trade Abdu Mohammed Bishr 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister for Fisheries Mohammad Mohammad al-Zubayri 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Justice Ahmed Abdullah Akabat 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research Hussein Ali Hazeb 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Social Affairs and Labour Faiqah al-Sayed Ba'alawy 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Tourism Nasser Mahfouz Bagazkoz 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Public Works and Highways Ghalib Abdullah Mutlaq 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Water and Environment Nabil Abdullah al-Wazair 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Petroleum and Minerals Ahmed Abdullah Naji Dars 1 January 2018 27 September 2023
Minister of Electricity and Energy Lutf Ali al-Jermouzi 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Local Administration Ali Bin Ali Al-Kays 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Religious Endowments and Guidance Sharaf Ali al-Kulaisi 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Expatriate Affairs Mohammed Saeed al-Mashjari 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Finance Saleh Ahmed Shaaban 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Communications and Information Technology Musfer Abdullah Saleh Al-Numeir 16 December 2017 27 September 2023
Minister of Agriculture and Irrigation Ghazi Ahmed Mohsen 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Technical Education and Vocational Mohsen Ali al-Nakib 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister of Culture Abdullah Ahmad al-Kibsy[109] 28 November 2016 1 September 2022
Minister of Transport Zakaria Yahya al-Shami 28 November 2016 21 March 2021[110]
Minister of Human Rights Alia Faisal Abdullatif al-Shaba 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Minister(s) of State Fares Manaa 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Nabih Mohsen Abu Nashtan 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Radhiyah Mohammad Abdullah 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Aubayd Salem bin Dhabia 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Hamid Awadh al-Mizjaji 28 November 2016 27 September 2023
Abdulaziz Ahmed al-Bakir 28 November 2016 27 September 2023

Humanitarian situation

[edit]

At least 56,000 civilians and combatants have been killed in armed violence amid the Yemeni civil war since January 2016.[111] The war has resulted in a famine affecting 17 million people.[112] The lack of safe drinking water, caused by depleted aquifers and the destruction of the country's water infrastructure, has also caused the largest, fastest-spreading cholera outbreak in modern history, with the number of suspected cases exceeding 994,000.[113][114] Over 2,200 people have died since the outbreak began to spread rapidly at the end of April 2017.[114][115] The ongoing humanitarian crisis and conflict has received widespread criticism for having a dramatic worsening effect on Yemen's humanitarian situation.

The war has led to a severe humanitarian crisis, with Houthi-controlled areas experiencing food shortages, economic decline, and infrastructure damage. The blockade imposed by the Saudi-led coalition, along with internal restrictions on aid, has worsened conditions. Reports from the United Nations and Humanitarian organizations have accused the Houthis of using humanitarian aid as a tool for political leverage.[116][117]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ Sohrabi, Naghmeh; Rossoukh, Ramyar D.; Cohen, Robert L. (October 2024). "Consolidation Through Crackdown: Understanding Houthi Rule in Yemen" (PDF). Crown Center for Middle East Studies. 161. Brandeis University: 8.
  2. ↑ "HEADS OF STATE HEADS OF GOVERNMENT MINISTERS FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  3. ↑ "Yemen: Ansar Allah signs agreement with Saleh's party creating supreme political council – Middle East Confidential". 29 July 2016. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Yemen: Houthi, Saleh council formation criticised by UN". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Saba Net – Yemen news agency". 6 August 2016. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  6. ↑ "Saba Net – Yemen news agency". Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
  7. ↑ "Saba Net – Yemen news agency". وكالة سبأ. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
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  10. 1 2 "رئيس المجلس السياسي الأعلى يصدر قرارا بتكليف أحمد الرهوي بتشكيل حكومة التغيير والبناء". www.saba.ye (in Arabic). 10 August 2024. Archived from the original on 10 August 2024. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
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  12. 1 2 Hatem, Mohammed (18 August 2019). "Yemen Shiite Rebels Appoint an Ambassador to Iran for First Time". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
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  25. ↑ Steven A. Zyck (2014). "Mediating Transition in Yemen: Achievements and Lessons" (PDF). International Peace Institute. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
  26. ↑ Silvana Toska (26 September 2014). "Shifting balances of power in Yemen's crisis". The Washington Post. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
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  30. ↑ Asher Orkaby (25 March 2015). "Houthi Who? A History of Unlikely Alliances in an Uncertain Yemen". Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  31. ↑ "Who are Yemen's Houthis?". NewsHour. PBS. 14 December 2018. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  32. ↑ "Yemen's Houthis hold boycotted talks with single party". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  33. ↑ "Houthis set deadline to resolve Yemen crisis". Al Jazeera. 1 February 2015. Archived from the original on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  34. ↑ "Yemeni Parties Agree To Form Presidential Council Despite Missing Deadline: Report". International Business Times. 5 February 2015. Archived from the original on 18 December 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  35. ↑ "HuffPost – Breaking News, U.S. And World News". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
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  37. ↑ Mona El-Naggar (2015). "Shifting Alliances Play Out Behind Closed Doors in Yemen". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  38. ↑ "Yemen's Houthi rebels announce government takeover". Al Jazeera. 6 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
  39. ↑ "Eyeing return, Yemen's ousted Saleh aids Houthis". Al Arabiya. 23 October 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
  40. ↑ "Forces loyal to president seize parts of Yemen's economic hub". Reuters. 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  41. ↑ "Yemen talks hit by walkouts over Houthi 'threats'". BBC News. 10 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  42. ↑ Anna, Cara (15 February 2015). "UN Security Council OKs Resolution Against Yemen Rebels". ABC News. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
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  44. ↑ "Yemen's Hadi flees house arrest, plans to withdraw resignation". CNN. 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
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  50. ↑ "Saudi Arabia launches military operation in Yemen - envoy". BBC News. 26 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  51. ↑ "Who are the Houthis and why is the US targeting them?". BBC. 25 March 2025. Retrieved 7 July 2025.
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  54. ↑ "2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Yemen". 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Yemen. US State Department. Retrieved 8 August 2026.
  55. ↑ "Yemen: Ansar Allah signs agreement with Saleh's party creating supreme political council – Middle East Confidential". 29 July 2016. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  56. ↑ "Iran's Support of the Houthis: What to Know". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 16 January 2025.
  57. ↑ "Putin Mulls Arming Houthis With Cruise Missiles: Report". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 1 July 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
  58. ↑ "Russia pulled back weapons shipment to Houthis amid US and Saudi pressure". CNN. 2 August 2024. Archived from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  59. ↑ Mathews, Sean (2 August 2024). "Exclusive: US intelligence suggests Russian military is advising Houthis inside Yemen". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  60. ↑ "North Korea is hiding nukes and selling weapons, alleges confidential UN report". CNN. 5 February 2019. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2019. The summary also accuses North Korea of violating a UN arms embargo and supplying small arms, light weapons and other military equipment to Libya, Sudan, and Houthi rebels in Yemen, through foreign intermediaries.
  61. ↑ "Secret UN report reveals North Korea attempts to supply Houthis with weapons". Al-Arabiya. 4 August 2018. Archived from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2018. The report said that experts were investigating efforts by the North Korean Ministry of Military Equipment and Korea Mining Development Trading Corporation (KOMID) to supply conventional arms and ballistic missiles to Yemen's Houthi group.
  62. ↑ "Yemen's Houthis Seek Iran, Russia and China Ties". Wall Street Journal. 6 March 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  63. ↑ "North Korea trying to sell weapons to Houthis, secret UN report reveals". Arab News. 4 August 2018. Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  64. ↑ "Russia receives Yemen Houthi delegation". Middle East Monitor. 15 December 2016. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  65. ↑ "Russia envoy meets with top Houthi diplomat in Yemen". Middle East Monitor. 25 January 2017. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  66. ↑ "Yemeni Foreign Minister, charge d'affaires of Syrian Embassy in Sanaa discuss developments in two countries". SANA. 11 December 2017. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  67. ↑ "Yemen Huthi rebels appoint 'ambassador' in Tehran". Zaman Alwsl. 18 August 2019. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  68. ↑ "FM announces Yemen's solidarity with China". SABA. 3 February 2020. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
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  84. ↑ "FM congratulates counterparts in Mozambique, Slovenia". SABA. 24 June 2021. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
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  93. ↑ "Government designates Hezbollah as terrorist entity". RNZ. 20 November 2024. Retrieved 20 November 2024.
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  96. ↑ "مجلس الوزراء يعتمد قائمة التنظيمات الإرهابية. | Wam". Archived from the original on 17 November 2014.
  97. ↑ Genn, James (9 April 2026). "Costa Rica names IRGC, Hezbollah, Hamas, Houthis as terror groups". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 9 April 2026.
  98. ↑ "Supreme Political Council". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
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  106. ↑ "Note to Correspondents – Statement attributable to the Secretary General's Special Envoy for Yemen Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed". Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
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  110. ↑ "Minister in Sanaa administration in Yemen dies of COVID-19, officials say". Reuters. 21 March 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2025.
  111. ↑ "The Yemen war death toll is five times higher than we think – we can't shrug off our responsibilities any longer". The Independent. 26 October 2018.
  112. ↑ Bin Javaid, Osama (25 April 2017). "A cry for help: Millions facing famine in Yemen". Al-Jazeera. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  113. ↑ Lyons, Kate (12 October 2017). "Yemen's cholera outbreak now the worst in history as millionth case looms". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  114. 1 2 "Yemen. Cholera Response. Weekly Epidemiological Bulletin" (PDF). 19 December 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2018.
  115. ↑ "High-Level Meeting on the Humanitarian Situation in Yemen" (PDF). UN (OCHA). 22 September 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  116. ↑ "Yemen: Houthis Block Vital Goods into Taizz". Human Rights Watch. 31 January 2016. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  117. ↑ "UN threatens to suspend aid to Yemen amid theft by Houthi rebels". The Daily Telegraph. 31 December 2018. Archived from the original on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
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