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Hugo Award for Best Semiprozine

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Hugo Award for Best Semiprozine
Awarded forThe best semi-professional magazine devoted primarily to science fiction or fantasy
Presented byWorld Science Fiction Society
First award1984
Most recent winnerUncanny Magazine edited by Michael Thomas
Websitethehugoawards.org
Stephen H. Segal accepting the 2009 Hugo Award for Best Semiprozine for Weird Tales
Julia Rios and Michi Trota accepting the 2017 Hugo Award for Best Semiprozine for Uncanny Magazine

The Hugo Award for Best Semiprozine is given each year to a periodical publication related to science fiction or fantasy that meets several criteria having to do with the number of issues published and who, if anyone, receives payment.[1] The award was first presented in 1984, and has been given annually since, though the qualifying criteria have changed. Awards were once also given out for professional magazines in the professional magazine category, and are still awarded for fan magazines in the fanzine category.

In addition to the regular Hugo awards, between 1996 and 2025, Retrospective Hugo Awards or "Retro-Hugos" were available for works published 50, 75, or 100 years prior. Retro-Hugos could only be awarded for years after 1939 in which no awards were originally given.[2] Retro-Hugo awards were awarded for 1939, 1941, 1943–1946, 1951, and 1954, but for each of those years, the Semiprozine category failed to receive enough nominating votes to form a ballot.[3]

At the 2008 business meeting, an amendment to the World Science Fiction Society's Constitution was passed that would have removed the Semiprozine category. The vote to ratify this amendment was held the following year; the ratification failed and the category remained. Instead, a committee was formed to recommend improvements to the category and related categories.[4]

History of winners and finalists

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During the 43 nomination years, 42 magazines run by hundreds of editors have been finalists. Of these, only 10 magazines run by 32 editors have won. Locus won 22 times and was a finalist every year until a rules change in 2012 made it ineligible for the category. Uncanny Magazine has won 9 times out of 12 final ballot nominations, including 5 times in a row in 2016–2020, while Science Fiction Chronicle, Clarkesworld Magazine, and Lightspeed are the only other magazines to win more than once, with 2 awards out of 18 nominations, 3 out of 4, and 2 out of 5, respectively. Interzone has won 1 out of 28 nominations, Ansible and FIYAH Magazine of Black Speculative Fiction have each won 1 out of 7 nominations, and Weird Tales won 1 out of 4. As editor of Locus Charles N. Brown won 21 of 27 nominations, though he shared 5 of those awards with Kirsten Gong-Wong, 3 with Liza Groen Trombi and 2 with Jennifer A. Hall; as Locus editor Liza Groen Trombi won 1 shared with Kirsten Gong-Wong. Uncanny's awards were primarily earned by a team of 5 people, Lynne M. Thomas, Michael Damian Thomas, Michi Trota, Erika Ensign, and Steven Schapansky. The sole editor for Chronicle's awards was Andrew I. Porter, while David Pringle earned Interzone's, and Ann VanderMeer and Stephen H. Segal were the editors for Weird Tales's victory. Lightspeed's wins were under John Joseph Adams, Rich Horton, and Stefan Rudnicki, with Wendy N. Wagner and Christie Yant added for the second win, while David Langford was the editor when Ansible was awarded. Clarkesworld Magazine's winning years were under Neil Clarke, Sean Wallace, and Kate Baker, with 2 of the three also under Cheryl Morgan and the other under Jason Heller. FIYAH's win was under Troy L. Wiggins, DaVaun Sanders, Eboni Dunbar, Brandon O'Brien, Brent Lambert, and L. D. Lewis. Strange Horizons's win was under "The Strange Horizons Editorial Collective". The New York Review of Science Fiction has received the most number of nominations without ever winning at 22, under the helm of David G. Hartwell, Kathryn Cramer, Kevin J. Maroney, and 8 other editors.

The Hugo Award nomination process

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Hugo Award nominees and winners are chosen by supporting or attending members of the annual World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon). The selection process is defined in the World Science Fiction Society Constitution as instant-runoff voting among six finalists, or more in the case of a tie. The works on the ballot are the ones nominated by members that year, ranked according to a complex algorithm, with no limit on the number of works that can be nominated. The 1953 through 1956 and 1958 awards did not include any recognition of runner-up magazines, but since 1959 all six candidates were recorded.[2] Initial nominations are made by members in the first months of each year, while voters vote on the ballot of six finalists in the middle of the year, with exact timing varying from year to year.[5] Prior to 2017, the final ballot consisted of five works; it was changed that year to six, with each initial nominator limited to five nominations.[6][7]

Winners and finalists

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In the following table, the years correspond to the date of the ceremony, rather than when the work was first published. Each date links to the "year in literature" article corresponding with when the work was eligible. Entries with a yellow background won the award for that year; those with a gray background are the other finalists on the short-list. Note that Thrust was renamed to Quantum and was nominated under both names; no other magazine has been a finalist under multiple names.[8]

  *   Winners and joint winners

Winners and finalists
Year Work Editor(s) Ref.
1984 Locus*Charles N. Brown [9]
Fantasy ReviewRobert A. Collins [9]
Science Fiction ChronicleAndrew I. Porter [9]
Science Fiction ReviewRichard E. Geis [9]
WhispersStuart David Schiff [9]
1985 Locus*Charles N. Brown [10]
Fantasy ReviewRobert A. Collins [10]
Science Fiction ChronicleAndrew I. Porter [10]
Science Fiction ReviewRichard E. Geis [10]
WhispersStuart David Schiff [10]
1986 Locus*Charles N. Brown [11]
Fantasy ReviewRobert A. Collins [11]
InterzoneSimon Ounsley and David Pringle [11]
Science Fiction ChronicleAndrew I. Porter [11]
Science Fiction ReviewRichard E. Geis [11]
1987 Locus*Charles N. Brown [12]
Fantasy ReviewRobert A. Collins [12]
InterzoneSimon Ounsley and David Pringle [12]
Science Fiction ReviewRichard E. Geis [12]
Science Fiction ChronicleAndrew I. Porter [12]
1988 Locus*Charles N. Brown [13]
Aboriginal Science FictionCharles C. Ryan [13]
InterzoneSimon Ounsley and David Pringle [13]
Science Fiction ChronicleAndrew I. Porter [13]
ThrustDoug Fratz [13]
1989 Locus*Charles N. Brown [14]
InterzoneDavid Pringle [14]
The New York Review of Science FictionDavid G. Hartwell, Patrick Nielsen Hayden, Teresa Nielsen Hayden, Susan Palwick, and Kathryn Cramer [14]
Science Fiction ChronicleAndrew I. Porter [14]
ThrustDoug Fratz [14]
1990 Locus*Charles N. Brown [15]
InterzoneDavid Pringle [15]
The New York Review of Science FictionDavid G. Hartwell, Patrick Nielsen Hayden, Teresa Nielsen Hayden, Susan Palwick, and Kathryn Cramer [15]
Science Fiction ChronicleAndrew I. Porter [15]
ThrustDoug Fratz [15]
1991 Locus*Charles N. Brown [16]
InterzoneDavid Pringle [16]
The New York Review of Science FictionKathryn Cramer, David G. Hartwell, and Gordon Van Gelder [16]
QuantumDoug Fratz [16]
Science Fiction ChronicleAndrew I. Porter [16]
1992 Locus*Charles N. Brown [17]
InterzoneDavid Pringle [17]
The New York Review of Science FictionKathryn Cramer, David G. Hartwell, and Gordon Van Gelder [17]
Pulphouse: The Hardback MagazineKristine Kathryn Rusch and Dean Wesley Smith [17]
Science Fiction ChronicleAndrew I. Porter [17]
1993 Science Fiction Chronicle*Andrew I. Porter [18]
InterzoneDavid Pringle [18]
LocusCharles N. Brown [18]
The New York Review of Science FictionKathryn Cramer, David G. Hartwell, Ariel Haméon, and Tad Dembinski [18]
Pulphouse: The Hardback MagazineDean Wesley Smith and Jonathan E. Bond [18]
1994 Science Fiction Chronicle*Andrew I. Porter [19]
InterzoneDavid Pringle [19]
LocusCharles N. Brown [19]
The New York Review of Science FictionKathryn Cramer, David G. Hartwell, Ariel Haméon, and Tad Dembinski [19]
Pulphouse: The Hardback MagazineDean Wesley Smith and Jonathan E. Bond [19]
Tomorrow Speculative FictionAlgis Budrys [19]
1995 Interzone*David Pringle [20]
LocusCharles N. Brown [20]
The New York Review of Science FictionKathryn Cramer, David G. Hartwell, Ariel Haméon, and Tad Dembinski [20]
Science Fiction ChronicleAndrew I. Porter [20]
Tomorrow Speculative FictionAlgis Budrys [20]
1996 Locus*Charles N. Brown [21]
Crank!Bryan Cholfin [21]
InterzoneDavid Pringle [21]
The New York Review of Science FictionKathryn Cramer, David G. Hartwell, Ariel Haméon, and Tad Dembinski [21]
Science Fiction ChronicleAndrew I. Porter [21]
1997 Locus*Charles N. Brown [22]
InterzoneDavid Pringle [22]
The New York Review of Science FictionKathryn Cramer, Tad Dembinski, Ariel Haméon, David G. Hartwell, and Kevin J. Maroney[22]
Science Fiction ChronicleAndrew I. Porter [22]
SpeculationsKent Brewster [22]
1998 Locus*Charles N. Brown [23]
InterzoneDavid Pringle [23]
The New York Review of Science FictionKathryn Cramer, Ariel Haméon, David G. Hartwell, and Kevin J. Maroney [23]
Science Fiction ChronicleAndrew I. Porter [23]
SpeculationsKent Brewster [23]
1999 Locus*Charles N. Brown [24]
InterzoneDavid Pringle [24]
The New York Review of Science FictionKathryn Cramer, Ariel Haméon, David G. Hartwell, and Kevin J. Maroney [24]
Science Fiction ChronicleAndrew I. Porter [24]
SpeculationsKent Brewster [24]
2000 Locus*Charles N. Brown [25]
InterzoneDavid Pringle [25]
The New York Review of Science FictionKathryn Cramer, Ariel Haméon, David G. Hartwell, and Kevin J. Maroney [25]
Science Fiction ChronicleAndrew I. Porter [25]
SpeculationsKent Brewster [25]
2001 Locus*Charles N. Brown [26]
InterzoneDavid Pringle [26]
The New York Review of Science FictionKathryn Cramer, Ariel Haméon, David G. Hartwell, and Kevin J. Maroney [26]
Science Fiction ChronicleAndrew I. Porter [26]
SpeculationsDenise Lee and Susan Fry [26]
2002 Locus*Charles N. Brown [27]
Absolute MagnitudeWarren Lapine [27]
InterzoneDavid Pringle [27]
The New York Review of Science FictionKathryn Cramer, David G. Hartwell, and Kevin J. Maroney [27]
SpeculationsSusan Fry and Kent Brewster [27]
2003 Locus*Charles N. Brown, Jennifer A. Hall, and Kirsten Gong-Wong [28]
AnsibleDavid Langford [28]
InterzoneDavid Pringle [28]
The New York Review of Science FictionKathryn Cramer, David G. Hartwell, and Kevin J. Maroney [28]
SpeculationsKent Brewster [28]
2004 Locus*Charles N. Brown, Jennifer A. Hall, and Kirsten Gong-Wong [29]
AnsibleDavid Langford [29]
InterzoneDavid Pringle [29]
The New York Review of Science FictionKathryn Cramer, David G. Hartwell, and Kevin J. Maroney [29]
Third AlternativeAndy Cox [29]
2005 Ansible*David Langford [30]
InterzoneDavid Pringle and Andy Cox [30]
LocusCharles N. Brown, Jennifer A. Hall, and Kirsten Gong-Wong [30]
The New York Review of Science FictionKathryn Cramer, David G. Hartwell, and Kevin J. Maroney [30]
Third AlternativeAndy Cox [30]
2006 Locus*Charles N. Brown, Kirsten Gong-Wong, and Liza Groen Trombi [31]
AnsibleDavid Langford [31]
Emerald CityCheryl Morgan [31]
InterzoneAndy Cox [31]
The New York Review of Science FictionKathryn Cramer, David G. Hartwell, and Kevin J. Maroney [31]
2007 Locus*Charles N. Brown, Kirsten Gong-Wong, and Liza Groen Trombi [32]
AnsibleDavid Langford [32]
InterzoneAndy Cox [32]
Lady Churchill's Rosebud WristletKelly Link and Gavin Grant [32]
The New York Review of Science FictionKathryn Cramer, David G. Hartwell, and Kevin J. Maroney [32]
2008 Locus*Charles N. Brown, Kirsten Gong-Wong, and Liza Groen Trombi [33]
AnsibleDavid Langford [33]
Helix SFWilliam Sanders and Lawrence Watt-Evans [33]
InterzoneAndy Cox [33]
The New York Review of Science FictionKathryn Cramer, Kristine Dikeman, David G. Hartwell, and Kevin J. Maroney [33]
2009 Weird Tales*Ann VanderMeer and Stephen H. Segal [34]
Clarkesworld MagazineNeil Clarke, Nick Mamatas, and Sean Wallace [34]
InterzoneAndy Cox [34]
LocusCharles N. Brown, Kirsten Gong-Wong, and Liza Groen Trombi [34]
The New York Review of Science FictionKathryn Cramer, Kristine Dikeman, David G. Hartwell, and Kevin J. Maroney [34]
2010 Clarkesworld Magazine*Neil Clarke, Sean Wallace, and Cheryl Morgan [35]
AnsibleDavid Langford [35]
InterzoneAndy Cox [35]
LocusCharles N. Brown, Kirsten Gong-Wong, and Liza Groen Trombi [35]
Weird TalesAnn VanderMeer and Stephen H. Segal [35]
2011 Clarkesworld Magazine*Neil Clarke, Sean Wallace, and Cheryl Morgan; podcast directed by Kate Baker [36]
InterzoneAndy Cox [36]
LightspeedJohn Joseph Adams [36]
LocusLiza Groen Trombi and Kirsten Gong-Wong [36]
Weird TalesAnn VanderMeer and Stephen H. Segal [36]
2012 Locus*Liza Groen Trombi and Kirsten Gong-Wong [37]
Apex MagazineCatherynne M. Valente, Lynne M. Thomas, and Jason Sizemore [37]
InterzoneAndy Cox [37]
LightspeedJohn Joseph Adams [37]
The New York Review of Science FictionDavid G. Hartwell, Kevin J. Maroney, Kris Dikeman, and Avram Grumer [37]
2013 Clarkesworld Magazine*Neil Clarke, Jason Heller, Sean Wallace, and Kate Baker [38]
Apex MagazineLynne M. Thomas, Jason Sizemore, and Michael Damian Thomas [38]
Beneath Ceaseless SkiesScott H. Andrews [38]
LightspeedJohn Joseph Adams and Stefan Rudnicki [38]
Strange HorizonsNiall Harrison, Jed Hartman, Lee Mandelo, An Owomoyela, Julia Rios, Abigail Nussbaum, AJ Odasso, Sonya Taaffe, Dave Nagdeman, and Rebecca Cross [38]
2014 Lightspeed*John Joseph Adams, Rich Horton and Stefan Rudnicki [39]
Apex MagazineLynne M. Thomas, Jason Sizemore, and Michael Damian Thomas [39]
Beneath Ceaseless SkiesScott H. Andrews [39]
InterzoneAndy Cox [39]
Strange HorizonsNiall Harrison, Lee Mandelo, An Owomoyela, Julia Rios, Abigail Nussbaum, AJ Odasso, Sonya Taaffe, Rebecca Cross, Anaea Lay, and Shane Garvin [39]
2015 Lightspeed*John Joseph Adams, Stefan Rudnicki, Rich Horton, Wendy N. Wagner, and Christie Yant [40]
Abyss & Apex MagazineWendy S. Delmater [40]
Andromeda Spaceways Inflight MagazineDavid Kernot and Sue Bursztynski [40]
Beneath Ceaseless SkiesScott H. Andrews [40]
Strange HorizonsNiall Harrison [40]
2016 Uncanny Magazine*Lynne M. Thomas, Michael Damian Thomas, Michi Trota, Erika Ensign, Steven Schapansky [41]
Beneath Ceaseless SkiesScott H. Andrews [41]
Daily Science FictionMichele-Lee Barasso and Jonathan Laden [41]
Sci Phi JournalJason Rennie [41]
Strange HorizonsCatherine Krahe, Julia Rios, AJ Odasso, Vanessa Rose Phin, and Maureen Kincaid Speller [41]
2017 Uncanny Magazine*Lynne M. Thomas, Michael Damian Thomas, Michi Trota, Julia Rios, Erika Ensign, and Steven Schapansky [42]
Beneath Ceaseless SkiesScott H. Andrews [42]
Cirsova Heroic Fantasy and Science Fiction MagazineP. Alexander [42]
GigaNotoSaurusRashida J. Smith [42]
Strange HorizonsNiall Harrison, Catherine Krahe, Vajra Chandrasekera, Vanessa Rose Phin, Li Chua, Aishwarya Subramanian, Tim Moore, and Anaea Lay [42]
The Book SmugglersAna Grilo and Thea James [42]
2018 Uncanny Magazine*Lynne M. Thomas, Michael Damian Thomas, Michi Trota, Julia Rios, Erika Ensign, and Steven Schapansky [43]
Beneath Ceaseless SkiesScott H. Andrews [43]
The Book SmugglersAna Grilo and Thea James [43]
Escape PodMur Lafferty, S. B. Divya, Norm Sherman, and Benjamin C. Kinney [43]
Fireside MagazineBrian White, Julia Rios, Elsa Sjunneson-Henry, Mikki Kendall, and Pablo Defendini [43]
Strange HorizonsKate Dollarhyde, Gautam Bhatia, AJ Odasso, Lila Garrott, Heather McDougal, Ciro Faienza, Tahlia Day, and Vanessa Rose Phin [43]
2019 Uncanny Magazine*Lynne M. Thomas, Michael Damian Thomas, Michi Trota, Erika Ensign, Steven Schapansky, Elsa Sjunneson-Henry, and Dominik Parisien [44]
Beneath Ceaseless SkiesScott H. Andrews [44]
Fireside MagazineJulia Rios, Elsa Sjunneson-Henry, Chelle Parker, Meg Frank, Tanya DePass, Brian White, and Pablo Defendini [44]
FIYAH Magazine of Black Speculative FictionTroy L. Wiggins, DaVaun Sanders, L. D. Lewis, Brandon O'Brien, Kaleb Russell, Danny Lore, and Brent Lambert [44]
Shimmer MagazineBeth Wodzinski and E. Catherine Tobler [44]
Strange HorizonsJane Crowley, Kate Dollarhyde, Vanessa Rose Phin, Vajra Chandrasekera, Romie Stott, Maureen Kincaid Speller [44]
2020 Uncanny Magazine*Lynne M. Thomas, Michael Damian Thomas, Michi Trota, Chimedum Ohaegbu, Erika Ensign, Steven Schapansky [45]
Beneath Ceaseless SkiesScott H. Andrews [45]
Escape PodMur Lafferty, S. B. Divya, Benjamin C. Kinney, Adam Pracht, Summer Brooks, Tina Connolly, Alasdair Stuart [45]
Fireside MagazineJulia Rios, Elsa Sjunneson, Chelle Parker, Meg Frank, Pablo Defendini, Brian White [45]
FIYAH Magazine of Black Speculative FictionTroy L. Wiggins, Eboni Dunbar, Brent Lambert, L. D. Lewis, Danny Lore, Brandon O'Brien and Kaleb Russell [45]
Strange HorizonsVanessa Rose Phin, Catherine Krahe, AJ Odasso, Dan Hartland, Joyce Chng, Dante Luiz [45]
2021 FIYAH Magazine of Black Speculative Fiction*Troy L. Wiggins, DaVaun Sanders, Eboni Dunbar, Brandon O'Brien, Brent Lambert, L. D. Lewis [46]
Beneath Ceaseless SkiesScott H. Andrews [46]
Escape PodMur Lafferty, S. B. Divya, Benjamin C. Kinney, Adam Pracht, Summer Brooks, Tina Connolly, Alasdair Stuart [46]
PodCastleC. L. Clark, Jen R. Albert, Setsu Uzumé, Peter Adrian Behravesh [46]
Uncanny MagazineLynne M. Thomas, Michael Damian Thomas, Michi Trota, Chimedum Ohaegbu, Elsa Sjunneson, Erika Ensign, Steven Schapansky [46]
Strange HorizonsVanessa Rose Phin et al. [46]
2022 Uncanny Magazine*Lynne M. Thomas, Michael Damian Thomas, Chimedum Ohaegbu, Elsa Sjunneson, Erika Ensign, Steven Schapansky [47]
Beneath Ceaseless SkiesScott H. Andrews [47]
Escape PodS. B. Divya, Mur Lafferty, Valerie Valdes, et al. [47]
FIYAH Magazine of Black Speculative FictionTroy L. Wiggins, DaVaun Sanders, et al. [47]
PodCastleJen R. Albert, C. L. Clark, Shingai Njeri Kagunda, Eleanor R. Wood, et al. [47]
Strange HorizonsThe Strange Horizons Editorial Collective [47]
2023 Uncanny Magazine*Lynne M. Thomas, Michael Damian Thomas, Chimedum Ohaegbu, Monte Lin, Meg Elison, Erika Ensign, Steven Schapansky [48]
Escape PodMur Lafferty, Valerie Valdes, Benjamin C. Kinney, Premee Mohamed, Tina Connolly, Summer Brooks, Adam Pracht [48]
FIYAH Magazine of Black Speculative FictionThe FIYAH team [48]
khōréōTeam khōréō [48]
PodCastleShingai Njeri Kagunda, Eleanor R. Wood, Sofia Barker, Matt Dovey, Peter Adrian Behravesh, Devin Martin, Eric Valdes [48]
Strange HorizonsThe Strange Horizons Editorial Team [48]
2024 Strange Horizons*The Strange Horizons Editorial Collective [49]
Escape PodMur Lafferty, Valerie Valdes, Benjamin C. Kinney, Premee Mohamed, Kevin Wabaunsee, Tina Connolly, Alasdair Stuart, Summer Brooks, Adam Pracht, Escape Pod team [49]
FIYAH Magazine of Black Speculative FictionDaVaun Sanders, B. Sharise Moore, L. D. Lewis, Christian Ivey, Rebecca McGee, Kerine Wint, Joshua Morley, Emmalia Harrington, Genine Tyson, Tonya R. Moore, Nelson Rolon [49]
GigaNotoSaurusLaShawn M. Wanak, Mia Tsai, Edgard Wentz, GNS Slushreaders Team [49]
khōréōAleksandra Hill et al. [49]
Uncanny MagazineLynne M. Thomas, Michael Damian Thomas, Monte Lin, Meg Elison, Erika Ensign, Steven Schapansky [49]
2025 Uncanny Magazine*Lynne M. Thomas, Michael Damian Thomas, Monte Lin, Betsy Aoki, Erika Ensign, Steven Schapansky [50]
The DeadlandsSean Markey, E. Catherine Tobler, Nicasio Andres Reed, David Gilmore, Laura Blackwell, Annika Barranti Klein, Josephine Stewart, Amanda Downum, Cory Skerry, Christine M. Scott, Felicia Martínez, Shana Du Bois [50]
Escape PodMur Lafferty, Valerie Valdes, Benjamin C. Kinney, Premee Mohamed, Kevin Wabaunsee, Tina Connolly, Alasdair Stuart, Summer Brooks, Adam Pracht [50]
FIYAH Magazine of Black Speculative FictionDaVaun Sanders, B. Sharise Moore, L. D. Lewis, Christian Ivey, Rebecca McGee, Kerine Wint, Joshua Morley, Emmalia Harrington, Genine Tyson, Tonya R. Moore, Nelson Rolon [50]
khōréōZhui Ning Chang et al. [50]
Strange HorizonsThe Strange Horizons Editorial Collective [50]
2026 Uncanny Magazine* Michael Damian Thomas, Monte Lin, Betsy Aoki, Erika Ensign, Steven Schapansky [51]
Escape Pod Mur Lafferty, Valerie Valdes, Kevin Wabaunsee, Phoebe Barton, Tina Connolly, Alasdair Stuart, Summer Brooks, Adam Pracht, Escape Pod team [51]
khōréō Zhui Ning Chang et al. [51]
On Spec: The Canadian Magazine of the Fantastic Diane L. Walton et al. [51]
Strange Horizons Strange Horizons Editorial Collective [51]
The Deadlands E. Catherine Tobler, Sean Markey, Nicasio Andres Reed, David Gilmore, Amanda Downum, Cory Skerry, Laura Blackwell, Annika Barranti Klein, Josephine Stewart, Christine M. Scott, Felicia Martínez [51]

Notes

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References

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  1. ↑ "Rules of the World Science Fiction Society". May 10, 2016. Archived from the original on February 6, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  2. 1 2 "The Hugo Awards: FAQ". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on May 7, 2011. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
  3. ↑ "The Locus index to SF Awards: About the Retro Hugo Awards". Locus. Oakland, California: Locus. Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
  4. ↑ "2009 WSFS Business Meeting". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on May 7, 2011. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
  5. ↑ "The Hugo Awards: Introduction". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on May 7, 2011. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
  6. ↑ "Worldcon 75: 2017 Hugo report #2" (PDF). Worldcon 75. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 15, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  7. ↑ "The Locus index to SF Awards: About the Hugo Awards". Locus. Oakland, California: Locus. Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
  8. ↑ Fratz, Doug (Spring 1993). "The Twenty-Year Spree: A Personal History of Thrust/Quantum". Quantum (43). Doug Fratz: 51–56. ISSN 0198-6686.
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