Demographics of the Republic of Ireland
 | This article contains too many tables, charts, or datasets that lack context or explanation. (September 2026) |
 | This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. (September 2026) |
| Demographics of Ireland | |
|---|---|
 Population pyramid of Ireland in 2023 | |
| Population | 5,458,600 (2025) |
| Density | 73 per km2 |
| Growth rate | 8.1% |
| Birth rate | 10.5 births/1,000 population (2023 est.) |
| Death rate | 6.7 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.) |
| Life expectancy | 80.19 years |
| • male | 78 years |
| • female | 82.6 years |
| Fertility rate | 1.49 children born/woman (2025 est.) |
| Infant mortality | 3.85 deaths/1,000 live births |
| Net migration rate | 10.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population |
| Immigrant share | 23.1% (2024)[1] |
| Age structure | |
| 0–14 years | 19.98% |
| 15–64 years | 65.26% |
| 65 and over | 14.76% |
| Sex ratio | |
| Total | 0.99 male/female |
| At birth | 1.057 male/female |
| Under 15 | 1.07 male/female |
| 15–64 years | 1.00 male/female |
| 65 and over | 0.81 male/female |
| Nationality | |
| Nationality | Irish |
| Major ethnic | Irish 76.66% |
| Minor ethnic | Other European 10.8% Asian 3.3% Black 1.5% Other 1.7% |
| Language | |
| Official | Irish, English |
| Spoken | Irish sign language, Shelta, Ulster Scots |
The demographics of the Republic of Ireland are characterized by a growing and gradually ageing population, with population growth driven by both natural increase and sustained net immigration, the latter becoming increasingly significant in recent decades. As of the 2022 Irish census, the population of the state stood at 5,149,139. More recent estimates from 2025 by the Central Statistics Office indicate the population has continued to expand to over 5.4 million.[2] As of 2025, Eurostat data indicates that approximately 23.3% of the state's resident population is foreign-born.[3]
The country enjoys a high life expectancy of approximately 82.4 years (84.5 for women and 80.4 for men). Fertility rates have fallen to approximately 1.49 children per woman, which is below the replacement level of 2.1, and the national birth rate has declined to roughly 9.9 births per 1,000 population. The population is gradually ageing, with the proportion of older age groups increasing.
Over the last three decades, the Republic of Ireland has transitioned from a largely homogeneous society to a more diverse one. This change has been driven primarily by high levels of sustained immigration from both within and outside the European Union. According to 2022 census data, individuals identifying as White Irish constitute approximately 76.6% of the population, a decline from 87.4% in 2006, followed by Other White backgrounds (10.8%), Asian (3.3%), and Black (1.5%). Population density is relatively low at 73 per km2, but remains unevenly distributed, with a high concentration in the capital city of Dublin and its commuter belt and lower densities in many western and rural counties, reflecting longstanding internal migration from peripheral regions to urban centres.
In terms of religious affiliation, Christianity remains the dominant faith, with Roman Catholicism being the largest single denomination at 69.1%. However, religious observance and self-identification have declined in recent years, alongside a significant rise in those reporting "no religion," who now account for 15.4% of the population. English is the dominant language of daily use, with Irish holding constitutional status as the national and first official language and used as a community language in designated Gaeltacht areas.
History
[edit]| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 1841 | 6,528,799 | — |
| 1851 | 5,111,557 | −2.42% |
| 1861 | 4,402,111 | −1.48% |
| 1871 | 4,053,187 | −0.82% |
| 1881 | 3,870,020 | −0.46% |
| 1891 | 3,468,694 | −1.09% |
| 1901 | 3,221,823 | −0.74% |
| 1911 | 3,139,688 | −0.26% |
| 1926 | 2,971,992 | −0.37% |
| 1936 | 2,968,420 | −0.01% |
| 1946 | 2,955,107 | −0.04% |
| 1951 | 2,960,593 | +0.04% |
| 1961 | 2,818,341 | −0.49% |
| 1971 | 2,978,248 | +0.55% |
| 1981 | 3,443,405 | +1.46% |
| 1991 | 3,525,719 | +0.24% |
| 2002 | 3,917,203 | +0.96% |
| 2011 | 4,588,252 | +1.77% |
| 2022 | 5,149,139 | +1.05% |
| Source: CSO[4] 2019[5] | ||
The island of Ireland's population has fluctuated over history. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, Ireland experienced a major population boom as a result of the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions. In the 50-year period 1790–1840, the population of the island doubled from 4 million to 8 million. At its peak, Ireland's population density was similar to that of England and continental Europe.
This changed dramatically with the Great Famine of the mid-19th century, which led to mass starvation and consequent mass emigration. In the area covering the present day Republic of Ireland, the population reached about 6.5 million in the mid-1840s. Ten years later it was down to 5 million. The population continued a slow decline well into the 20th century, with the Republic recording a low of 2.8 million in the 1961 census.[7]
During the 1960s, the population started to grow once more, although slowly as emigration was still common. In the 1990s the country entered a period of rapid economic growth as a result of the Celtic Tiger Irish economic boom, and the Republic started to receive immigration. Many former Irish emigrants returned home, and Ireland became an attractive destination for immigrants, from other member states in the EU such as Central Europe, but also from outside the EU such as Africa, Asia and elsewhere. With the 2008 onset of the Irish economic and banking crisis, the state's economy suffered, and Ireland has once again been experiencing net emigration of its citizens, but immigration remains high.
In November 2013, Eurostat reported that the Republic had the largest net emigration rate of any member state, at 7.6 emigrants per 1,000 population. However, it had the youngest population of any European Union member state[8] and its population size is predicted to grow for many decades, in contrast with the declining population predicted for most European countries. A report published in 2008 predicted that the population would reach 6.7 million by 2060.[9] The Republic was at the time (mid to late 2000s) experiencing a baby boom, with increasing birth rates and overall fertility rates.[10] Despite this, the total fertility rate is still below replacement.
Population size
[edit]Chart
[edit]Total population size of the Republic of Ireland, from 1900: View source data.
Vital statistics
[edit]Life expectancy
[edit]
In 2023, Our World In Data, estimated the average life expectancy in the Republic of Ireland to be 82.4 years (84.5 for females and 80.4 for males).[11] In 2024, Eurostat estimated it to be 83.1 years, and placed it 9th in Europe.[12] The same year, World Bank's Open Knowledge Repository estimated it to be 83.0 years, placing it 23rd in the world.[13]
Table
[edit]| Year | Population (1 April) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Crude migration (per 1000) | Total fertility rate[fn 1][17] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1900 | 3,231,000 | 70,435 | 21.8 | 3.04 | |||||
| 1901 | 3,234,000 | 70,194 | 55,165 | 15,029 | 21.7 | 17.1 | 4.6 | 2.92 | |
| 1902 | 3,205,000 | 71,156 | 54,505 | 16,651 | 22.2 | 17.0 | 5.2 | 3.08 | |
| 1903 | 3,191,000 | 70,541 | 54,262 | 16,279 | 22.1 | 17.0 | 5.1 | 3.09 | |
| 1904 | 3,169,000 | 72,261 | 55,997 | 16,264 | 22.8 | 17.7 | 5.1 | 3.16 | |
| 1905 | 3,160,000 | 71,427 | 52,122 | 19,305 | 22.6 | 16.5 | 6.1 | 3.13 | |
| 1906 | 3,164,000 | 72,147 | 51,388 | 20,759 | 22.8 | 16.2 | 6.6 | 3.15 | |
| 1907 | 3,145,000 | 70,773 | 53,580 | 17,193 | 22.5 | 17.0 | 5.5 | 3.11 | |
| 1908 | 3,147,000 | 71,439 | 53,758 | 17,681 | 22.7 | 17.1 | 5.6 | 3.12 | |
| 1909 | 3,135,000 | 72,119 | 52,698 | 19,421 | 23.0 | 16.8 | 6.2 | 3.14 | |
| 1910 | 3,132,000 | 71,744 | 52,318 | 19,426 | 22.9 | 16.7 | 6.2 | 3.12 | |
| 1911 | 3,129,000 | 71,351 | 51,149 | 20,202 | 22.8 | 16.3 | 6.5 | 3.07 | |
| 1912 | 3,116,000 | 70,734 | 50,489 | 20,245 | 22.7 | 16.2 | 6.5 | −9.7 | 3.10 |
| 1913 | 3,106,000 | 70,214 | 52,184 | 18,030 | 22.6 | 16.8 | 5.8 | −8.4 | 3.09 |
| 1914 | 3,098,000 | 69,102 | 49,674 | 19,428 | 22.3 | 16.0 | 6.3 | −16.0 | 3.05 |
| 1915 | 3,068,000 | 67,501 | 53,713 | 13,788 | 22.0 | 17.5 | 4.5 | −3.5 | 2.99 |
| 1916 | 3,071,000 | 64,814 | 50,627 | 14,187 | 21.1 | 16.5 | 4.6 | −4.6 | 2.87 |
| 1917 | 3,071,000 | 61,429 | 51,713 | 9,716 | 20.0 | 16.8 | 3.2 | −3.9 | 2.71 |
| 1918 | 3,069,000 | 61,092 | 53,682 | 7,410 | 19.9 | 17.5 | 2.4 | −5.3 | 2.73 |
| 1919 | 3,060,000 | 61,829 | 55,776 | 6,044 | 19.9 | 18.2 | 1.7 | 12.0 | 2.75 |
| 1920 | 3,102,000 | 67,015 | 45,521 | 21,494 | 21.6 | 14.7 | 6.9 | −8.8 | 3.20 |
| 1921 | 3,096,000 | 61,010 | 44,537 | 16,473 | 19.7 | 14.4 | 5.3 | −13.7 | 2.79 |
| 1922 | 3,070,000 | 58,849 | 44,547 | 14,302 | 18.5 | 14.5 | 4.0 | −22.2 | 2.61 |
| 1923 | 3,014,000 | 62,417 | 42,217 | 19,473 | 20.5 | 14.0 | 6.5 | −9.5 | 2.74 |
| 1924 | 3,005,000 | 63,402 | 45,180 | 18,222 | 21.1 | 15.0 | 6.1 | −12.8 | 2.83 |
| 1925 | 2,985,000 | 62,069 | 43,650 | 18,419 | 20.8 | 14.6 | 6.2 | −10.9 | 2.79 |
| 1926 | 2,971,000 | 61,176 | 41,740 | 19,436 | 20.6 | 14.0 | 6.5 | −11.2 | 2.76 |
| 1927 | 2,957,000 | 60,054 | 43,677 | 16,377 | 20.3 | 14.8 | 5.5 | −9.9 | 2.72 |
| 1928 | 2,944,000 | 59,176 | 41,792 | 17,384 | 20.1 | 14.2 | 5.9 | −8.3 | 2.69 |
| 1929 | 2,937,000 | 58,280 | 42,991 | 15,289 | 19.8 | 14.6 | 5.2 | −8.6 | 2.66 |
| 1930 | 2,927,000 | 58,353 | 41,702 | 16,651 | 19.9 | 14.2 | 5.7 | −3.7 | 2.54 |
| 1931 | 2,933,000 | 57,086 | 42,947 | 14,139 | 19.5 | 14.6 | 4.8 | 0.7 | 2.49 |
| 1932 | 2,949,000 | 56,240 | 42,984 | 13,256 | 19.1 | 14.6 | 4.5 | −0.1 | 2.43 |
| 1933 | 2,962,000 | 57,364 | 40,539 | 16,825 | 19.4 | 13.7 | 5.7 | −2.7 | 2.47 |
| 1934 | 2,971,000 | 57,897 | 39,083 | 18,814 | 19.5 | 13.2 | 6.3 | −6.3 | 2.49 |
| 1935 | 2,971,000 | 58,266 | 41,543 | 16,723 | 19.6 | 14.0 | 5.6 | −6.9 | 2.50 |
| 1936 | 2,967,000 | 58,115 | 42,586 | 15,529 | 19.6 | 14.4 | 5.2 | −11.6 | 2.50 |
| 1937 | 2,948,000 | 56,488 | 45,086 | 11,402 | 19.2 | 15.3 | 3.9 | −7.6 | 2.45 |
| 1938 | 2,937,000 | 56,925 | 40,041 | 16,884 | 19.4 | 13.6 | 5.7 | −6.7 | 2.47 |
| 1939 | 2,934,000 | 56,070 | 41,717 | 14,353 | 19.1 | 14.2 | 4.9 | 3.3 | 2.43 |
| 1940 | 2,958,000 | 56,594 | 41,885 | 14,709 | 19.1 | 14.2 | 5.0 | 6.8 | 2.43 |
| 1941 | 2,993,000 | 56,780 | 43,797 | 12,983 | 19.0 | 14.6 | 4.3 | −14.3 | 2.42 |
| 1942 | 2,963,000 | 66,117 | 41,640 | 24,477 | 22.3 | 14.1 | 8.3 | −14.0 | 2.85 |
| 1943 | 2,946,000 | 64,375 | 43,494 | 20,881 | 21.9 | 14.8 | 7.1 | −7.8 | 2.80 |
| 1944 | 2,944,000 | 65,425 | 45,128 | 20,297 | 22.2 | 15.3 | 6.9 | −4.2 | 2.84 |
| 1945 | 2,952,000 | 66,861 | 42,762 | 24,099 | 22.6 | 14.5 | 8.2 | −6.5 | 2.90 |
| 1946 | 2,957,000 | 67,922 | 41,457 | 26,465 | 23.0 | 14.0 | 8.9 | −3.2 | 2.94 |
| 1947 | 2,974,000 | 68,978 | 44,061 | 24,917 | 23.2 | 14.8 | 8.4 | −4.7 | 2.98 |
| 1948 | 2,985,000 | 65,930 | 36,357 | 29,573 | 22.1 | 12.2 | 9.9 | −11.2 | 2.80 |
| 1949 | 2,981,000 | 64,153 | 38,062 | 26,091 | 21.5 | 12.8 | 8.8 | −12.8 | 2.75 |
| 1950 | 2,969,000 | 63,565 | 37,741 | 25,824 | 21.4 | 12.7 | 8.7 | −11.2 | 2.74 |
| 1951 | 2,961,000 | 62,878 | 42,382 | 20,496 | 21.2 | 14.3 | 6.9 | −9.6 | 2.69 |
| 1952 | 2,953,000 | 64,631 | 35,105 | 29,526 | 21.9 | 11.9 | 10.0 | −11.4 | 2.97 |
| 1953 | 2,949,000 | 62,558 | 34,591 | 27,967 | 21.2 | 11.7 | 9.5 | −12.2 | 2.95 |
| 1954 | 2,941,000 | 62,534 | 35,535 | 26,999 | 21.3 | 12.1 | 9.2 | −16.0 | 3.18 |
| 1955 | 2,921,000 | 61,622 | 36,761 | 24,861 | 21.1 | 12.6 | 8.5 | −16.4 | 3.28 |
| 1956 | 2,898,000 | 60,740 | 33,910 | 26,830 | 21.0 | 11.7 | 9.3 | −13.8 | 3.41 |
| 1957 | 2,885,000 | 61,242 | 34,311 | 26,931 | 21.2 | 11.9 | 9.3 | −20.4 | 3.52 |
| 1958 | 2,853,000 | 59,510 | 34,248 | 25,262 | 20.9 | 12.0 | 8.9 | −11.4 | 3.43 |
| 1959 | 2,846,000 | 60,188 | 34,243 | 25,945 | 21.1 | 12.0 | 9.1 | −14.0 | 3.63 |
| 1960 | 2,832,000 | 60,735 | 32,660 | 28,075 | 21.4 | 11.5 | 9.9 | −14.8 | 3.78 |
| 1961 | 2,818,000 | 59,825 | 34,763 | 25,062 | 21.2 | 12.3 | 8.9 | −4.6 | 3.78 |
| 1962 | 2,830,000 | 61,782 | 33,838 | 27,944 | 21.8 | 12.0 | 9.9 | −2.8 | 3.92 |
| 1963 | 2,850,000 | 63,246 | 33,795 | 29,451 | 22.2 | 11.9 | 10.3 | −5.4 | 4.01 |
| 1964 | 2,864,000 | 64,072 | 32,630 | 31,442 | 22.4 | 11.4 | 11.0 | −6.8 | 4.07 |
| 1965 | 2,876,000 | 63,525 | 33,022 | 30,503 | 22.1 | 11.5 | 10.6 | −7.8 | 4.04 |
| 1966 | 2,884,000 | 62,215 | 35,113 | 27,102 | 21.6 | 12.2 | 9.4 | −3.9 | 3.95 |
| 1967 | 2,900,000 | 61,307 | 31,400 | 29,907 | 21.1 | 10.8 | 10.3 | −5.8 | 3.84 |
| 1968 | 2,913,000 | 61,004 | 33,157 | 27,847 | 20.9 | 11.4 | 9.6 | −5.1 | 3.77 |
| 1969 | 2,926,000 | 62,912 | 33,734 | 29,178 | 21.5 | 11.5 | 10.0 | −1.8 | 3.83 |
| 1970 | 2,950,000 | 64,382 | 33,686 | 30,696 | 21.8 | 11.4 | 10.4 | −0.9 | 3.85 |
| 1971 | 2,978,000 | 67,551 | 31,890 | 35,661 | 22.7 | 10.7 | 3.4 | 12.0 | 3.97 |
| 1972 | 3,024,000 | 68,527 | 34,381 | 34,146 | 22.7 | 11.4 | 11.3 | 4.9 | 3.93 |
| 1973 | 3,073,000 | 68,713 | 34,192 | 34,521 | 22.4 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 5.4 | 3.78 |
| 1974 | 3,124,000 | 68,907 | 34,921 | 33,986 | 22.1 | 11.2 | 10.9 | 6.1 | 3.64 |
| 1975 | 3,177,000 | 67,178 | 33,173 | 34,005 | 21.1 | 10.4 | 10.7 | 5.4 | 3.43 |
| 1976 | 3,228,000 | 67,718 | 34,043 | 33,675 | 21.0 | 10.5 | 10.4 | 3.2 | 3.35 |
| 1977 | 3,272,000 | 68,892 | 33,632 | 35,260 | 21.1 | 10.3 | 10.8 | 2.0 | 3.31 |
| 1978 | 3,314,000 | 70,299 | 33,794 | 36,505 | 21.2 | 10.2 | 11.0 | 5.3 | 3.27 |
| 1979 | 3,368,000 | 72,539 | 33,771 | 38,768 | 21.5 | 10.0 | 11.5 | −1.7 | 3.26 |
| 1980 | 3,401,000 | 74,064 | 33,472 | 40,592 | 21.8 | 9.8 | 11.9 | 0.4 | 3.25 |
| 1981 | 3,443,000 | 72,158 | 32,929 | 39,229 | 21.0 | 9.6 | 11.4 | −0.7 | 3.10 |
| 1982 | 3,480,000 | 70,843 | 32,457 | 38,386 | 20.4 | 9.3 | 11.0 | −4.1 | 2.98 |
| 1983 | 3,504,000 | 67,117 | 32,076 | 35,041 | 19.2 | 9.2 | 10.0 | −2.9 | 2.76 |
| 1984 | 3,529,000 | 64,062 | 32,154 | 31,908 | 18.2 | 9.1 | 9.0 | −5.9 | 2.57 |
| 1985 | 3,540,000 | 62,388 | 33,213 | 29,175 | 17.6 | 9.4 | 8.2 | −7.9 | 2.48 |
| 1986 | 3,541,000 | 61,620 | 33,630 | 27,990 | 17.4 | 9.5 | 7.9 | −6.2 | 2.44 |
| 1987 | 3,547,000 | 58,433 | 31,413 | 27,020 | 16.5 | 8.9 | 7.6 | −12.1 | 2.31 |
| 1988 | 3,531,000 | 54,600 | 31,580 | 23,020 | 15.5 | 8.9 | 6.5 | −12.4 | 2.17 |
| 1989 | 3,510,000 | 52,018 | 32,111 | 19,907 | 14.8 | 9.1 | 5.7 | −6.8 | 2.08 |
| 1990 | 3,506,000 | 52,954 | 31,370 | 21,584 | 15.1 | 8.9 | 6.2 | −0.5 | 2.12 |
| 1991 | 3,526,000 | 52,718 | 31,305 | 21,413 | 15.0 | 8.9 | 6.1 | 2.1 | 2.09 |
| 1992 | 3,555,000 | 51,089 | 30,931 | 20,158 | 14.4 | 8.7 | 5.7 | −0.4 | 1.99 |
| 1993 | 3,574,000 | 49,304 | 32,148 | 17,156 | 13.8 | 9.0 | 4.8 | −1.4 | 1.91 |
| 1994 | 3,586,000 | 48,255 | 30,948 | 17,307 | 13.5 | 8.6 | 4.8 | −0.6 | 1.85 |
| 1995 | 3,601,000 | 48,530 | 31,494 | 17,036 | 13.5 | 8.7 | 4.7 | 2.2 | 1.86 |
| 1996 | 3,626,000 | 50,390 | 31,514 | 18,876 | 13.9 | 8.7 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 1.89 |
| 1997 | 3,664,000 | 52,311 | 31,605 | 20,706 | 14.3 | 8.6 | 5.7 | 4.9 | 1.93 |
| 1998 | 3,703,000 | 53,551 | 31,352 | 22,199 | 14.5 | 8.5 | 6.0 | 4.5 | 1.95 |
| 1999 | 3,742,000 | 53,354 | 31,683 | 21,671 | 14.3 | 8.5 | 5.8 | 7.0 | 1.90 |
| 2000 | 3,790,000 | 54,789 | 31,391 | 23,398 | 14.5 | 8.3 | 6.2 | 8.8 | 1.89 |
| 2001 | 3,847,000 | 57,854 | 30,212 | 27,642 | 15.0 | 7.9 | 7.2 | 11.0 | 1.96 |
| 2002 | 3,917,000 | 60,503 | 29,683 | 30,820 | 15.4 | 7.6 | 7.8 | 8.3 | 1.97 |
| 2003 | 3,980,000 | 61,529 | 29,074 | 32,455 | 15.5 | 7.3 | 8.2 | 8.1 | 1.99 |
| 2004 | 4,045,000 | 61,972 | 28,665 | 33,307 | 15.3 | 7.1 | 8.2 | 13.8 | 1.96 |
| 2005 | 4,134,000 | 61,372 | 28,260 | 33,112 | 14.8 | 6.8 | 8.0 | 15.9 | 1.88 |
| 2006 | 4,233,000 | 65,425 | 28,488 | 36,937 | 15.4 | 6.7 | 8.7 | 16.3 | 1.93 |
| 2007 | 4,339,000 | 71,389 | 28,117 | 43,272 | 16.3 | 6.4 | 9.9 | 9.2 | 2.04 |
| 2008 | 4,422,000 | 75,173 | 28,274 | 46,899 | 16.8 | 6.3 | 10.5 | −2.1 | 2.09 |
| 2009 | 4,459,000 | 75,554 | 28,380 | 47,174 | 16.7 | 6.3 | 10.4 | −7.9 | 2.10 |
| 2010 | 4,470,000 | 75,174 | 27,961 | 47,213 | 16.5 | 6.1 | 10.4 | 13.1 | 2.07 |
| 2011 | 4,575,000 | 74,033 | 28,456 | 45,577 | 16.2 | 6.2 | 10.0 | −5.8 | 2.03 |
| 2012 | 4,594,000 | 71,674 | 29,186 | 42,488 | 15.6 | 6.4 | 9.2 | −4.6 | 1.98 |
| 2013 | 4,615,000 | 68,954 | 29,504 | 39,450 | 15.0 | 6.4 | 8.6 | −2.1 | 1.93 |
| 2014 | 4,645,000 | 67,295 | 29,252 | 38,043 | 14.6 | 6.4 | 8.2 | 1.1 | 1.89 |
| 2015 | 4,688,000 | 65,536 | 30,127 | 35,409 | 14.0 | 6.4 | 7.6 | 3.5 | 1.86 |
| 2016 | 4,740,000 | 63,841 | 30,390 | 33,451 | 13.5 | 6.5 | 7.2 | 3.8 | 1.82 |
| 2017 | 4,792,000 | 61,824 | 30,418 | 31,406 | 12.9 | 6.3 | 6.6 | 7.0 | 1.77 |
| 2018 | 4,857,000 | 61,016 | 31,116 | 29,900 | 12.6 | 6.4 | 6.2 | 7.1 | 1.75 |
| 2019 | 4,921,500 | 59,294 | 31,184 | 28,110 | 12.0 | 6.3 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 1.72 |
| 2020 | 4,977,400 | 56,818 | 32,856 | 23,962 | 11.2 | 6.4 | 4.8 | 2.1 | 1.63 |
| 2021 | 5,011,500 | 60,575 | 34,844 | 25,731 | 11.9 | 6.9 | 5.0 | 12.6 | 1.72 |
| 2022 | 5,149,139 | 54,483 | 35,804 | 18,679 | 10.5 | 6.9 | 3.6 | 10.0 | 1.62 |
| 2023 | 5,281,600 | 54,426 | 35,649 | 19,219 | 10.4 | 6.7 | 3.6 | 14.7 | 1.53[18] |
| 2024 | 5,380,300 | 54,062 | 35,173 | 18,889 | 10.0 | 6.5 | 3.5 | 14.7 | 1.49 |
| 2025 | 5,458,600 | 54,125 | 35,587 | 18,538 | 9.9 | 6.5 | 3.4 | 10.9 | 1.49 |
| 2026 | 5,525,600 |
Current vital statistics
[edit]| Period | Live births | Deaths | Natural increase |
|---|---|---|---|
| January—March 2025 | 13,665 | 10,230 | +3,435 |
| January—March 2026 | 13,823 | 10,094 | +3,729 |
| Difference |  +158 (+1.2%) |
 –136 (–1.3%) |
+294 |
| Source:[19] | |||
Total fertility rates by region
[edit]| Regions | TFR |
|---|---|
| Mid-East | 1.75 |
| Border | 1.74 |
| South-East | 1.74 |
| Midland | 1.69 |
| Northern and Western | 1.66 |
| Mid-West | 1.66 |
| Southern | 1.61 |
| West | 1.60 |
| Ireland | 1.54 |
| South-West | 1.51 |
| Eastern and Midland | 1.47 |
| Dublin | 1.32 |
Charts
[edit] View source data.
View source data.
View source data.
Ethnic groups
[edit]
| Ethnic Group | Year | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006[21] | 2011[22] | 2016[22][23] | 2022[24] | |||||
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| White: Total | 3,956,609 | 94.84% | 4,264,465 | 94.24% | 4,331,940 | 92.37% | 4,444,145 | 87.33% |
| White Irish | 3,645,199 | 87.37% | 3,821,995 | 84.46% | 3,854,226 | 82.2% | 3,893,056 | 76.50% |
| Irish Traveller | 22,369 | 0.54% | 29,495 | 0.65% | 30,987 | 0.7% | 32,949 | 0.65% |
| White Roma | – | – | – | – | – | – | 16,059 | 0.31% |
| Other White | 289,041 | 6.93% | 412,975 | 9.13% | 446,727 | 9.5% | 502,081 | 9.87% |
| Asian: Total | 52,345 | 1.25% | 84,690 | 1.87% | 98,720 | 2.10% | 186,321 | 3.64% |
| Chinese | 16,533 | 0.40% | 17,832 | 0.39% | 19,447 | 0.4% | 26,828 | 0.50% |
| Indian/Pakistani/Bangladeshi | – | – | – | – | – | – | 94,434 | 1.86% |
| Arab | – | – | – | – | – | – | 20,115 | 0.40% |
| Other Asian | 35,812 | 0.86% | 66,858 | 1.48% | 79,273 | 1.7% | 44,944 | 0.88% |
| Black: Total | 44,318 | 1.06% | 65,078 | 1.44% | 64,639 | 1.38% | 76,245 | 1.50% |
| Black Irish and Black African | 40,525 | 0.97% | 58,697 | 1.30% | 57,850 | 1.24% | 67,547 | 1.32% |
| Other Black | 3,793 | 0.09% | 6,381 | 0.14% | 6,789 | 0.14% | 8,699 | 0.17% |
| Other including Mixed | – | – | – | – | – | – | 64,992 | 1.28% |
| Not Stated | 118,741 | 2.85% | 111,048 | 2.45% | 194,622 | 3.98% | 313,176 | 6.16% |
| Total: | 4,172,013 | 100% | 4,525,281 | 100% | 4,689,921 | 100% | 5,084,879 | 100% |
- Population pyramids of ethnic groups within Ireland in 2022
White Irish
White Other
Asian: Indian/Pakistani/Bangladeshi
Asian: Chinese
Asian: Other
Black: Africans
Black: Other
Not Stated
Immigration
[edit]Ireland's immigration history (and of one of a multi-ethnic society) is most of that of a country of emigration, remaining largely white for the vast majority of 20th century history. However, there were small migrant communities resident in Ireland throughout this period, such as African students, who numbered over 1,000 in the 1960s and 1970s [25].
However, from the 1990s, with the rise of the 'Celtic Tiger', the nation shifted to one of a net receiver of immigration at a rapid pace,[26][27] changing from one of the most 'homogeneous countries in the EU, to a country with a rate of change almost unparalleled in speed and scale'.[7] The Celtic Tiger economic boom saw a large expansion of the labour market, which contributed to the large increase of immigration towards the country, with the additional enlargement of the European Union in 2004 and the further 2007 enlargement contributing to increased levels of immigration.
Additionally, asylum seekers rose dramatically as well: from 364 in 1994 to 11,634 in 2002, before falling off towards the end of the decade.[26]
- Net migration rate: 6.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)[28]
- Country comparison to the world: 13th
Nationalities
[edit]Ireland contains several immigrant communities, especially in Dublin and other cities across the country. The largest immigrant groups, with over 10,000 people, being Poles, British, Indians, Romanians, Lithuanians, Brazilians, Italians, Latvians, Spaniards, French, Croats, Americans, Chinese, Germans and Ukrainians.
| Citizenship[fn 2] | 2016[24] | 2022[24] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | |
| Total Irish | 4,082,513 | 87% | 4,283,490 | 84% |
| Irish | 3,977,729 | 85% | 4,112,893 | 81% |
| Dual Irish | 104,784 | 2% | 170,597 | 3% |
| None/Other | 607,408 | 13% | 801,389 | 15% |
| Non-Irish | 535,475 | 11% | 631,785 | 12% |
| None/not stated | 71,933 | 2% | 169,604 | 3% |
| Total | 4,689,921 | 100% | 5,084,879 | 100% |
| Nationality | Population (2022)[29] |
|---|---|
  Poland |
93,680 |
 United Kingdom |
83,347 |
 India |
45,449 |
 Romania |
43,323 |
 Lithuania |
31,177 |
 Brazil |
27,338 |
 Italy |
18,319 |
 Latvia |
18,300 |
 Spain |
17,953 |
 France |
13,893 |
 Croatia |
13,649 |
 United States |
13,412 |
 China |
13,050 |
 Germany |
12,390 |
 Ukraine |
11,791 |
 Hungary |
9,336 |
 Pakistan |
9,309 |
 Slovakia |
8,600 |
| Hungary |
8,503 |
 Nigeria |
8,368 |
 Portugal |
8,310 |
 South Africa |
8,250 |
 Philippines |
7,736 |
 Netherlands |
4,670 |
 Czech Republic |
4,530 |
 Bulgaria |
3,994 |
 Canada |
3,528 |
 Australia |
3,481 |
 Malaysia |
3,407 |
 Syria |
3,267 |
 Moldova |
3,119 |
Nationality of mothers
[edit]Of the 54,125 births in 2025, there were 37,982 babies (70.2%) born to mothers of Irish nationality compared to 45,381 (78%) in 2021. There were 6.1% of births to mothers of EU15 to EU27 nationality, 1.9% of mothers were of UK nationality, and 2.5% were of EU14 nationality (excluding Ireland). Mothers of nationalities other than Ireland, UK and the EU accounted for 18.5% of total births registered. There were 0.8% of mothers where the nationality was not stated.[30]
Migration data for Ireland, 1987–present
[edit]| Year | Immigrants | Emigrants | Net Migration |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1987 | 17.2 | 40.2 | −23.0 |
| 1988 | 19.2 | 61.1 | −41.9 |
| 1989 | 26.7 | 70.6 | −43.9 |
| 1990 | 33.3 | 56.3 | −22.9 |
| 1991 | 33.3 | 35.3 | −2.0 |
| 1992 | 40.7 | 33.4 | 7.4 |
| 1993 | 34.7 | 35.1 | −0.4 |
| 1994 | 30.1 | 34.8 | −4.7 |
| 1995 | 31.2 | 33.1 | −1.9 |
| 1996 | 39.2 | 31.2 | 8.0 |
| 1997 | 44.5 | 25.3 | 19.2 |
| 1998 | 46.0 | 28.6 | 17.4 |
| 1999 | 48.9 | 31.5 | 17.3 |
| 2000 | 52.6 | 26.6 | 26.0 |
| 2001 | 59.0 | 26.2 | 32.8 |
| 2002 | 66.9 | 25.6 | 41.3 |
| 2003 | 60.0 | 29.3 | 30.7 |
| 2004 | 58.5 | 26.5 | 32.0 |
| 2005 | 84.6 | 29.4 | 55.1 |
| 2006 | 107.8 | 36.0 | 71.8 |
| 2007 | 151.1 | 46.3 | 104.8 |
| 2008 | 113.5 | 49.2 | 64.3 |
| 2009 | 73.7 | 72.0 | 1.6 |
| 2010 | 41.8 | 69.2 | −27.5 |
| 2011 | 53.3 | 80.6 | −27.4 |
| 2012 | 57.3 | 83.0 | −25.7 |
| 2013 | 62.7 | 81.3 | −18.7 |
| 2014 | 66.5 | 75.0 | −8.5 |
| 2015 | 75.9 | 70.0 | 5.9 |
| 2016 | 82.3 | 66.2 | 16.2 |
| 2017 | 95.3 | 56.1 | 39.2 |
| 2018 | 96.0 | 51.6 | 44.4 |
| 2019 | 97.1 | 53.1 | 44.0 |
| 2020 | 95.6 | 50.9 | 44.7 |
| 2021 | 74.1 | 52.3 | 21.8 |
| 2022 | 107.8 | 56.1 | 51.7 |
| 2023 | 141.6 | 64.0 | 77.7 |
| 2024 | 149.2 | 69.9 | 79.3 |
| 2025 | 125,3 | 65,6 | 59,7 |
Country of birth
[edit]In 2022, 20% of the usually resident population in Ireland were born elsewhere, an increase of 3% since 2016. This represented 1,017,437 people, an increase of 207,031 from six years previously.
| Country | 1986 | 1991 | 1996 | 2002 | 2006 | 2011 | 2016 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
  England and Wales |
128,668 | 126,487 | 139,330 | 182,624 | 200,488 | 212,296 | 203,188 | 210,434 |
| Poland |
– | – | – | 2,167 | 62,495 | 115,193 | 115,161 | 106,142 |
| Northern Ireland | 36,538 | 35,986 | 39,567 | 49,928 | 49,171 | 58,470 | 57,389 | 61,750 |
| India |
– | – | – | 3,402 | 9,192 | 17,856 | 20,969 | 56,624 |
| Romania |
– | – | – | 5,838 | 8,492 | 17,995 | 28,702 | 42,460 |
| Brazil |
– | – | – | 1,232 | 4,666 | 9,298 | 15,796 | 39,556 |
| Lithuania |
– | – | – | 2,120 | 24,611 | 34,847 | 33,344 | 34,242 |
| United States |
15,350 | 14,533 | 15,619 | 21,541 | 24,643 | 27,762 | 28,650 | 34,236 |
| Nigeria |
– | – | – | 9,225 | 16,327 | 19,780 | 16,569 | 20,559 |
| Latvia |
– | – | – | 2,281 | 13,854 | 19,989 | 18,991 | 20,330 |
| Philippines |
– | – | – | 4,086 | 9,427 | 13,833 | 14,725 | 19,846 |
| Spain |
1,113 | 1,801 | 2,104 | 4,632 | 6,122 | 7,003 | 11,809 | 18,356 |
 Scotland |
12,586 | 11,378 | 11,751 | 15,963 | 16,488 | 17,871 | 16,644 | 16,869 |
| China |
– | – | – | 5,669 | 11,022 | 11,458 | 11,262 | 16,425 |
| Moldova |
– | – | – | 1,032 | 2,233 | 3,421 | 6,472 | 16,155 |
| South Africa |
– | – | – | 6,260 | 7,576 | 8,116 | 8,085 | 15,886 |
| Italy |
1,314 | 1,507 | 1,844 | 3,705 | 5,705 | 7,146 | 10,913 | 15,689 |
| Ukraine |
– | – | – | 1,485 | 3,367 | 4,123 | 4,624 | 15,678 |
| Pakistan |
– | – | – | 3,391 | 5,757 | 8,329 | 12,891 | 15,185 |
| France |
2,460 | 4,512 | 3,593 | 6,794 | 9,145 | 10,081 | 11,924 | 14,821 |
| Germany |
3,853 | 5,792 | 6,343 | 8,770 | 11,544 | 12,980 | 12,964 | 14,789 |
| Croatia |
– | – | – | – | – | 980 | 5,202 | 12,743 |
| Slovakia |
– | – | – | – | 8,129 | 9,537 | 9,443 | 10,695 |
| Australia |
– | – | – | 6,107 | 6,478 | 5,964 | 6,748 | 9,947 |
| Hungary |
– | – | – | 3,285 | 8,129 | 7,413 | 8,648 | 8,634 |
 Russia |
– | – | – | 2,556 | 4,511 | 5,936 | 6,414 | 7,900 |
| Canada |
– | – | – | 4,081 | 4,492 | 4,809 | 5,314 | 7,122 |
| Portugal |
124 | 147 | 192 | 590 | 1,496 | 2,246 | 3,866 | 5,987 |
| Netherlands |
1,888 | 1,985 | 2,490 | 3,512 | 4,211 | 4,499 | 4,729 | 5,376 |
 Zimbabwe |
– | – | – | 1,462 | 2,230 | 2,790 | 2,811 | 5,246 |
| Czech Republic |
– | – | – | – | 5,230 | 5,494 | 4,936 | 5,092 |
| Malaysia |
– | – | – | 2,195 | 3,340 | 3,782 | 4,016 | 4,864 |
| Bulgaria |
– | – | – | – | – | 1,783 | 2,911 | 4,585 |
 Bangladesh |
– | – | – | – | 1,924 | 2,920 | 3,410 | 4,388 |
 Turkey |
– | – | – | – | – | 1,301 | 1,607 | 4,086 |
| Syria |
– | – | – | – | – | 308 | 920 | 3,922 |
 Mexico |
– | – | – | – | – | 889 | 1,476 | 3,364 |
Support and opposition
[edit]Migrants are supported/represented by the Immigrant Council of Ireland, Irish Refugee Council, Movement of Asylum Seekers in Ireland, Nasc and the state's Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service.[33][34][35] They are managed by the International Protection Accommodation Service under the Department of Children, Equality, Disability, Integration and Youth (DCEDIY) as well being policed by the Garda National Immigration Bureau.[36]
Some minor parties have voiced opposition to immigration in the country and its capability to continue to let refugees in; that "Ireland is full". They include the National Party and the Irish Freedom Party.[37][38] In May 2023, a Red C/The Business Post poll found that 75% of people thought that Ireland is taking in too many refugees.[39]
The DCEDIY projected a shortfall of 15,000 beds for refugees in December 2022 and admitted that there was mounting pressure to house 65,000 people.[40][41]
Approximately 7,400 refugee adults and children[42] were projected to be living in 38 "direct provision" centres across 17 counties in Ireland by the end of April 2020.[43] The government of Ireland have said that they project to end direct provision by 2024[44] and are looking towards alternative forms of accommodation.
Religion
[edit]Religions in Ireland (2022)[45]
- Catholicism (69.1%)
- Protestantism (4.60%)
- Eastern Orthodoxy (2.00%)
- Hinduism (0.60%)
- Islam (1.60%)
- No religion or atheist (15.4%)
- Not stated (6.70%)
Ireland is a predominantly Christian country. The majority are Catholic; however, the number of people who declare themselves Catholic has been declining in recent years. Irreligion has increased since 2016 with 14% declaring "no religion" in 2022, meaning this is the second largest religious affiliation in Ireland. Immigration has also brought other faiths, with Islam at 1.7%, or over 83,000 people. As well as Hinduism, with 33,043 Hindus in the state. There are 2,193 members of the Jewish community in Ireland, according to the 2022 Census.[46][47]
Languages
[edit]English is the most commonly used language, with 84%[48] of the population calling it their mother tongue. Irish is the first official language of the state, with 11%[48] calling it their mother tongue. Irish is the main language of the Gaeltacht regions, where 102,973 people lived as of 2022. The main sign language used is Irish Sign Language.
| Frequency of Irish usage amongst Irish speakers | 2002 | 2006[49] | 2011[49] | 2016[50] | 2022[51] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % Stated | Number | % Stated | Number | % Stated | Number | % Stated | Number | % Stated | ||
| Speaks Irish | Daily, Outside Education System | – | – | 72,148 | 1.82 | 77,185 | 1.80 | 73,803 | 1.67 | 71,968 | 1.55 |
| Daily, Total | 339,541 | 9.26 | 525,355 | 13.28 | 596,366 | 13.92 | 632,411 | 14.28 | 625,933 | 13.51 | |
| Total | 1,079,880 | 29.44 | 1,214,313 | 30.69 | 1,320,244 | 30.83 | 1,330,419 | 30.04 | 1,401,110 | 30.24 | |
| Never speaks Irish | 459,657 | 12.53 | 415,479 | 10.50 | 438,782 | 10.25 | 418,420 | 9.45 | 472,887 | 10.21 | |
| Frequency unknown | 31,357 | 0.85 | 26,998 | 0.68 | 15,411 | 0.35 | 12,581 | 0.28 | 45,385 | 0.98 | |
| Ability in Irish | Number | % Stated | Number | % Stated | Number | % Stated | Number | % Stated | Number | % Stated | |
| Irish speakers | 1,570,894 | 42.83 | 1,656,790 | 41.87 | 1,774,437 | 41.44 | 1,761,420 | 39.77 | 1,873,997 | 40.45 | |
| Non Irish-speakers | 2,097,263 | 57.17 | 2,300,174 | 58.13 | 2,507,312 | 58.56 | 2,667,945 | 60.23 | 2,759,028 | 59.55 | |
| Total stated | 3,668,157 | 97.79 | 3,956,964 | 97.51 | 4,281,749 | 97.97 | 4,429,365 | 96.94 | 4,633,025 | 93.11 | |
| Not stated | 82,838 | 2.21 | 100,682 | 2.49 | 88,882 | 2.03 | 139,896 | 3.06 | 342,688 | 6.89 | |
| Total | 3,750,995 | 4,057,646 | 4,370,631 | 4,569,261 | 4,975,713 | ||||||
Employment and income
[edit]For May 2025 the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was:
4.0% overall, down from a 4.1% in April 2025., and an annual basis, down from 4.4% in May 2024
3.9% for males, down from 4.0% in April 2025, and down from 4.4% in May 2024.
4.1% for females, down from 4.2% in April 2025, and down from 4.4% in May 2024.
10.9% for persons aged 15–24 years (youth unemployment rate) from a revised rate of 11.2% in April 2025.
Up to 3.1% for persons aged 25–74 years from 3.0% in April 2025.[52]
The median household disposable income in 2024 was €58,922, an increase of €3,773 (+6.8%) from the previous year. Disposable household income is gross household income less total tax, social insurance contributions, pension contributions and inter-household transfers paid.[53]
See also
[edit]| Life in Ireland |
|---|
| Culture |
| Economy |
| General |
| Society |
| Politics |
| Policies |
- Demographics of Northern Ireland
- 2011 census of Ireland
- 2016 census of Ireland
- Historical population of Ireland
- Irish diaspora
- Stamp 4
Groups:
Notes
[edit]- ↑ In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and have been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and a reducing population.
- ↑ The 2022 Irish Census has swapped out the question regarding nationality with one regarding citizenship. Therefore the table states citizenship, as that is the data that the 2022 census has in comparison to the 2016 data.
- ↑ These statistics only show non-Irish citizens of the below countries that do not also have Irish citizenship. Individuals which have acquired Irish nationality are not counted under their nation's figures.
References
[edit]- ↑ "International Migrant Stock 2024". United Nations Population Division. Retrieved 12 June 2026.
- ↑ "Population and Migration Estimates, April 2025". Central Statistics Office. Central Statistics Office (Ireland). 26 August 2025. Retrieved 14 January 2026.
- ↑ "EU population diversity by citizenship and country of birth". Eurostat. 2 February 2026. Retrieved 25 March 2026.
- ↑ "Population and migration estimates april 2017".
- ↑ "Populationand migration estimates April 2019". 27 August 2019.
- ↑ Hannah Ritchie; Lucas Rodés-Guirao; Edouard Mathieu; Sophia Mersmann; Daniel Bachler; Saloni Dattani; Marcel Gerber; Esteban Ortiz-Ospina; Joe Hasell; Max Roser (2023). "Population Growth". Our World In Data.
- 1 2 Census.ie – Population of Ireland 1841 – 2006 Archived 27 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Kiss, Monkia (March 2020). Demographic outlook for the European Union 2020 (PDF). European Parliamentary Research Service (Report).
- ↑ "Irish population to hit 6.7m by 2060". RTÉ News. 26 August 2008 – via www.rte.ie.
- ↑ Irish Examiner – Baby boom as Irish births reach highest level since 1982 Archived 8 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- 1 2 Saloni Dattani; Lucas Rodés-Guirao; Hannah Ritchie; Esteban Ortiz-Ospina; Max Roser (2023). "Life Expectancy". Our World In Data.
- ↑ "Life expectancy at birth by sex". Eurostat. 2024.
- ↑ "Life expectancy at birth, total (years)". Open Knowledge Repository. 2024.
- ↑ "Number of Births, Deaths and Marriages". Central Statistics Office. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
- ↑ Registrar-General for Ireland, Annual Reports (1864–1900). Her Majesty’s Stationery Office (HMSO), Dublin.
- ↑ Ó Gráda, Cormac (1994). Ireland, a new economic history, 1780–1939. Oxford University Press.
- ↑ Max Roser (2014), "Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries", Our World in Data, Gapminder Foundation
- ↑ "Vital Statistics Yearly Summary 2023". Retrieved 19 March 2025.
- ↑ "Births, Deaths and Marriages". Central Statistics Office. Retrieved 21 August 2026.
- ↑ "Total fertility rate by NUTS 3 region". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 13 April 2025.
- ↑ "Volume 05 – Ethnic or Cultural Background" (PDF).
- 1 2 "Chapter 6: Ethnicity and Irish Travellers" (PDF). 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 April 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
- ↑ "Ethnicity – CSO – Central Statistics Office". CSO. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
- 1 2 3 "Migration and Diversity – CSO – Central Statistics Office". CSO. 30 May 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
- ↑ Crangle J (2024). "'No race hate here'? Irish national identity and racism in the mid twentieth century". Irish Historical Studies. 48 (174). Cambridge University Press: 338–260. doi:10.1017/ihs.2024.45. Retrieved 27 August 2026.
- 1 2 Quinn, Martin Ruhs, Emma (1 September 2009). "Ireland: From Rapid Immigration to Recession". migrationpolicy.org. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ "Census of Population 2022 – Results". CSO. 30 May 2023.
- ↑ "Net migration rate". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
- ↑ https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpsr/censusofpopulation2022-summaryresults/migrationanddiversity/ [archive]
- ↑ "Vital Statistics Yearly Summary". 23 May 2025.
- ↑ "Estimated Migration Data for Ireland". National Institute of Statistics Ireland. Retrieved 19 April 2025.
- ↑ "Census 1986 Volume 8 – Persons, males and females in each province, classified by country of birth (PDF 61KB)" (PDF)."Census 1991 Volume 8 – Persons, males and females in each Province classified by country of birth (PDF 27KB)" (PDF)."Census 1996 VADR21 – Population Usually Resident"."Census 2002 – BDR21 – 2002 Population Usually Resident and Present in the State"."Census 2006 – C0429 – Population Usually Resident and Present in their Usual Residence on Census Night"."Census 2022 – FY016 – Population Usually Resident and Present in the State". Retrieved 30 September 2023.
- ↑ "Vision & Mission". Immigrant Council of Ireland. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
- ↑ "Irish Refugee Council". activelink. 16 February 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
- ↑ "Movement of Asylum Seekers in Ireland (MASI)". Irish Refugee Council. 12 April 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
- ↑ "International Protection Accommodation Services (IPAS)". gov.ie. 10 August 2021.
- ↑ McEnroe, Juno (18 November 2016). "National Party president wants immigrants to leave". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ↑ Gallagher, Conor; Lally, Conor (24 February 2021). "Refugee tribunal member sues for defamation". The Irish Times. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ↑ "Red C poll: Three out of four think Ireland has taken too many refugees".
- ↑ "Protest held over housing of asylum seekers in Dublin". RTÉ.ie. 19 November 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
- ↑ Malekmian, Shamim (30 November 2022). "How the Government Created an Opening for Anti-Immigration Activists to Exploit in East Wall". Dublin Inquirer. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
- ↑ Mfaco, Bulelani (12 December 2020). "I live in direct provision. It's a devastating system – and it has thrown away millions". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
- ↑ Bulelani Mfaco (12 December 2020), "I live in direct provision. It's a devastating system – and it has thrown away millions", The Irish Times, retrieved 12 December 2020
- ↑ Thomas, Cónal (26 February 2021). "State plans to end Direct Provision by 2024 and replace system with not-for-profit accommodation". TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- ↑ "Census 2022 Profile 5 – Diversity, Migration, Ethnicity, Irish Travellers & Religion". Central Statistics Office. 26 October 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
- ↑ McGarry, Patsy. "Ireland's Jewish Council reports 143 anti-Semitic incidents in six-month period". The Irish Times. Retrieved 6 March 2026.
- ↑ McCarthaigh, Sean. "40% of Irish people believe antisemitism is a problem". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 26 May 2026.
- 1 2 Eurobarometer – Europeans and their languages
- 1 2 "Census 2011 Profile 9 Statistical Table" (PDF). Ireland Central Statistics Office. Retrieved 18 March 2025.
- ↑ "Irish Speakers Aged 3 Years and Over 2016". Retrieved 18 March 2025.
- ↑ "F8014: Irish speakers aged three years and over by sex, single year of age, level of Irish spoken and frequency of speaking Irish, 2022". Ireland Central Statistics Office. Retrieved 18 March 2025.
- ↑ "Monthly Unemployment May 2025 – Central Statistics Office". www.cso.ie. 5 June 2025. Retrieved 20 June 2025.
- ↑ "Household Income Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) 2024 – Central Statistics Office". www.cso.ie. 20 March 2025. Retrieved 20 June 2025.
