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Citizens' Movement (Mexico)

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Citizens' Movement
Movimiento Ciudadano
LeaderJorge Álvarez Máynez
Senate LeaderClemente Castañeda Hoeflich
Chamber LeaderIvonne Ortega Pacheco
FounderDante Delgado Rannauro
Founded1 August 1999 (as CpD)
16 August 2002 (as CON)
31 July 2011 (as MC)
Split fromInstitutional Revolutionary Party
HeadquartersLouisiana 113 Nápoles, Benito Juárez, 03810 Mexico City
NewspaperEl Ciudadano
Youth wingYouth in Movement
Membership (2026)Decrease 318,642[1]
Ideology
Political positionCentre-left[A]
National affiliation
International affiliationProgressive Alliance[2]
Continental affiliationCOPPPAL
Colours  Orange and White
Chamber of Deputies 
29 / 500
Senate
6 / 128
Governorships
2 / 32
State legislatures
75 / 1,123
Website
Official website
^ A: The Citizens' Movement has also been described as left-wing as well.[3]

Citizens' Movement (Spanish: Movimiento Ciudadano, MC), also known as the Citizens' Movement Party,[4] is a centre-left political party in Mexico. It was founded in 1999 under the name Convergence for Democracy, which was then shortened to Convergence in 2002 and changed to Citizens' Movement in 2011.[5]

Established on 1 August 1999, Convergence for Democracy was founded by civil society activists and former Institutional Revolutionary Party members, advocating for a social market economy and democratic reforms to increase citizen participation in governance. Once the drug war started, the party included demilitarization efforts and drug regulation in its platform. Initially aligning with left-wing coalitions since its inception, disagreements with left-wing parties prompted the party's shift to independence in elections from 2012 onwards. However, it briefly joined an alliance during the 2018 election. Since then, it has heavily focused on sustainability and social issues in its party platform.

It is the third political force in the country, receiving 10.32% of the votes cast in the 2024 presidential election, and has yet to secure victory in a presidential race. As of 2023, it has 384,005 members, and its members are known as emecistas.

History

[edit]

Background and founding (1988–1999)

[edit]

Citizens' Movement traces its origins to the political career and downfall of Dante Delgado Rannauro, a Veracruz politician who rose through the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) under the patronage of Fernando Gutiérrez Barrios.[6] After holding senior posts in the Veracruz state government during the 1980s, including undersecretary of government and then secretary-general of government, Delgado became substitute governor of the state from December 1988 to 1992; he took up the office when Gutiérrez Barrios stepped aside to join the cabinet of President Carlos Salinas de Gortari as federal Secretary of the Interior.[6][7]

As Gutiérrez Barrios's influence within the PRI declined, Delgado lost his protection inside the party, fell out with its leadership, and resigned his membership in 1995. In December 1996, under his successor as governor, Patricio Chirinos Calero, he was arrested on charges of diverting 450 million pesos in public funds and imprisoned for about fifteen months before being exonerated. Delgado and his supporters characterized the prosecution as politically motivated persecution meant to punish his break with the PRI and to obstruct his plans to build an opposition party.[6][7][8]

After his release, Delgado set out to turn his political following into a national party. In 1997 he registered Convergence for Democracy as a national political grouping, bringing together former PRI members disillusioned with the party's dominance and activists drawn from civil society. The grouping held its constituent assembly as a political party on 5 December 1998 and was granted registration as a national political party by the Federal Electoral Institute on 1 August 1999, with Delgado as its national leader.[6][7][9]

The party defined itself as a vehicle for deepening Mexico's democratization, which it dated to the political reforms begun in 1982, and for giving citizens a greater role in government. In economic policy, it adopted the social market economy as its guiding framework, presenting a regulated market with active state intervention as the most effective basis for the country's development.[9][10]

Convergence (1999–2011)

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For much of its first decade the party functioned as a minor partner of the larger forces of the Mexican left. Lacking a national base of its own, it repeatedly joined coalitions with the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) and the Labor Party (PT). These alliances allowed it to clear the 2% threshold needed to keep its national registration while gradually building name recognition and a parliamentary presence.[9][11]

Convergence logo

For the 2000 presidential election, Convergence for Democracy joined other left-wing parties in the Alliance for Mexico, nominating Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas for the presidency and endorsing candidates for state offices, among them Andrés Manuel López Obrador for Head of the Federal District. Despite Cárdenas' third-place finish, López Obrador emerged victorious in his election. Over the following two years it made further gains in local elections, taking the municipal presidencies of the state capitals of Veracruz and Oaxaca,[12] and at its second National Assembly, held in Puebla on 16 August 2002, its members voted to shorten the party's name to Convergence (CON).[9][13] Running on its own in the 2003 midterm elections, CON won 2.53% of the vote and five seats in the Chamber of Deputies, enough to form its first parliamentary group, and over the following years it built up a modest base of legislators and municipal governments.[14]

In the 2006 general election, CON formed another left-wing alliance, the Coalition for the Good of All, with the PRD and the PT. The alliance backed Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who lost to Felipe Calderón by about 0.56% of the national vote and alleged electoral fraud. López Obrador rejected the result, mounted a months-long sit-in along Paseo de la Reforma, and had himself proclaimed "legitimate president" at a parallel convention; CON joined the PRD and the PT in backing the protest and in attempting to block Calderón's inauguration.[15] After the Federal Electoral Tribunal rejected requests for a full recount and confirmed Calderón, the three parties channeled their opposition into a joint legislative bloc, the Broad Progressive Front (FAP). The election nonetheless gave CON its largest congressional presence to that point, with seventeen federal deputies and five senators.[16]

Calderón's 2008 energy reform, which sought to expand private participation in the state oil industry, divided the left.[17] CON and the PT, dependent on López Obrador's electoral pull and aligned with his confrontational politics, joined his oil-defense movement against the reform; the PRD's now-dominant New Left faction, which favored a more moderate and institutional approach, distanced itself from the protests and negotiated a watered-down reform with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) and the PAN.[18][19][20] With the New Left also backing the 2007–2008 electoral reform, which barred parties in a coalition from sharing votes and so endangered the registration of smaller forces, CON and the PT broke with the PRD and contested the 2009 legislative elections on their own, as the Salvemos a México coalition.[18][21] López Obrador, by then estranged from the PRD's leadership, campaigned for CON and the PT across most of the country.[20] The New Left faction of the PRD sidelined supporters of López Obrador, prompting many displaced activists and leaders of urban social movements to seek candidacies under CON and the PT instead of the PRD.[22][20] Following the elections, the Social Democratic Party's loss of registration drew further figures from the social-democratic left toward CON, among them 2006 presidential candidate, Patricia Mercado.[23]

In the 2010–2011 state elections, CON joined the broad opposition alliances, which spanned the PRD and the conservative PAN, that ended the PRI's hold on several states. Its senator, Gabino Cué Monteagudo, won the governorship of Oaxaca in 2010, the state's first change of ruling party in 81 years and the party's first governorship, and CON shared in the winning coalitions in Puebla and Sinaloa that year and in Guerrero in 2011.[24][20]

Rebranding and break with López Obrador (2011–2018)

[edit]

In 2011, at an extraordinary national assembly, the party approved a sweeping overhaul of its internal structure, name, and emblem, relaunching Convergence as Citizens' Movement (MC); the Federal Electoral Institute confirmed the change that October. It kept its orange identity, reorganized its leadership around citizen councils and operating commissions, and widened its practice of fielding non-party "citizen candidacies" open to figures from outside its ranks.[25][26]

The following year it again backed Andrés Manuel López Obrador, joining the left-wing Progressive Movement alliance for the 2012 general election, in which he lost to Enrique Peña Nieto by more than 5%.[18] López Obrador left the PRD to turn his support network into a new party, Morena; MC offered its own registration to speed the launch, but he declined and built Morena separately.[27][19] In December 2012, the PRD aligned with the incoming PRI government by signing the Pact for Mexico, which MC did not join.[28] Running on its own in the 2015 federal midterms, the party recorded its best result to that point, about 6% of the national vote, and enlarged its delegation in the Chamber of Deputies.[29] Its gains were clearest in Jalisco, where it won the Guadalajara mayoralty with Enrique Alfaro—the first time neither the PAN nor the PRI had governed the city—kept Tlajomulco and Puerto Vallarta, and flipped Zapopan, Tlaquepaque and other municipalities to become one of the parties with the most local deputies in the state.[30]

By 2017, the breach with López Obrador had hardened, and he publicly grouped MC among the political establishment he campaigned against, rejecting Dante Delgado's idea of a single left-wing bloc ahead of the 2018 general election.[19] MC instead formed a big-tent electoral alliance with the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) and the National Action Party (PAN); Delgado and the PRD's Raúl Flores said its goal was to place the country's interests above party politics.[31][32] As part of its digital strategy, the party promoted the viral music video "Movimiento Naranja – Yuawi", which had amassed more than 54 million views on YouTube by election day.[33] The alliance's nominee, Ricardo Anaya, lost to López Obrador, who won by a landslide. In Jalisco, MC ran on its own and Enrique Alfaro won the governorship, marking the party's first gubernatorial victory won under its own candidate without a coalition.[30] In Nuevo León, where MC ran independently in the Senate election, it won both majority seats.

Third force (2018–present)

[edit]
Jorge Máynez, the party's first presidential candidate to run without a coalition.

After the 2018 election, MC entered no further national coalitions and positioned itself as an independent "third force", standing apart from both the Morena-led governing bloc and the Va por México alliance of the National Action Party (PAN), the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), and the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). Running alone in the 2021 mid-term elections, it reached about 7% of the national vote: Samuel García won the governorship of Nuevo León, its second governorship secured without a coalition, and the party took the mayoralties of Monterrey, Guadalajara and the city of Campeche.[29][34] In December 2021, Dante Delgado returned to the leadership at a national convention, at which MC ruled out joining Va por México and committed to standing as a third option between the two main blocs.[29] In the Senate, it coordinated informally with the PAN, PRI, and PRD in a voting bloc to block the government's constitutional reform agenda: the arrangement helped defeat López Obrador's 2022 electricity reform and his electoral and security overhauls, while MC separately backed some government measures including the nationalization of lithium and the constitutionalization of social programs.[19][35] The Senate voting bloc collapsed in December 2023 when PRI and PAN legislators in the Congress of Nuevo León declined to back an MC-aligned interim governor, a decision that simultaneously ended Samuel García's presidential precandidacy.[36][37] García's withdrawal sharpened an existing internal divide: the Jalisco bloc, led by governor Enrique Alfaro, had favored an alliance with the formal opposition and accused the leadership of isolating the party.[29] The party instead nominated Jorge Máynez, who campaigned on a social-democratic platform he called "new politics" of progressive taxation, a universal basic income and the gradual demilitarization of public security, aimed at young voters; Máynez finished third in the 2024 general election with about 10% of the vote, the party's strongest result in a presidential contest, and the result placed MC as the third-largest political force nationally, ahead of the PRI, though its congressional presence remained at 27 seats in the Chamber of Deputies.[29][38][39][40]

Under President Claudia Sheinbaum, who took office in 2024, MC continued its congressional opposition to Fourth Transformation institutional reforms, including votes against López Obrador's judicial reform and the transfer of the National Guard to military command, while championing a 40-hour work week as its signature cause.[41][42][43] The party continued to extend its regional base beyond its two strongholds: in Campeche it emerged as Morena's principal challenger,[44] and in Veracruz, it emerged as the state's second electoral force in the 2025 municipal elections, winning 41 municipalities.[45]

Ideology

[edit]

The party describes itself as a social democratic,[53] but that been in dispute for only being nominal.[54] It has also been described as socialist,[55] progressive,[47][56] social liberal,[57] and democratic nationalist.[58]

In terms of political spectrum, it is described as centrist,[61] centre-left,[65] left-leaning,[66] and left-wing.[3]

Party leaders

[edit]
No. Leader Term of office
Took office Left office Time in office
1 Luis Walton Aburto 1 August 2011 8 September 2012 1 year, 38 days
2 Dante Delgado Rannauro 8 September 2012 2 December 2018 6 years, 85 days
3 Clemente Castañeda Hoeflich 2 December 2018 5 December 2021 3 years, 3 days
4 Dante Delgado Rannauro 5 December 2021 5 December 2024 3 years
5 Jorge Máynez 5 December 2024 Incumbent 1 year, 308 days

Election results

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Presidential elections

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Election year Candidate Votes % Result Note
2000 Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas 6,256,780 16.64 Red X Defeated Support PRD candidate; alliance: Alliance for Mexico
2006 Andrés Manuel López Obrador 14,756,350 35.31 Red X Defeated Support PRD candidate; alliance: Coalition for the Good of All
2012 Andrés Manuel López Obrador 15,848,827 31.61 Red X Defeated Support PRD candidate; alliance: Progressive Movement
2018 Ricardo Anaya 12,610,120 22.27 Red X Defeated Support PAN candidate; alliance: Por México al Frente
2024 Jorge Máynez 6,204,710 10.32 Red X Defeated

Congressional elections

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Chamber of Deputies

[edit]
Election year Seats [Note 1] Electoral alliance Presidency Position
Constituency Party-list Total
Seats Votes % Seats Votes %
2000 0 2
2 / 500
 Alliance for Mexico Vicente Fox Minority
2003 0 605,156 2.34 5 602,392 2.34
5 / 500
 None Vicente Fox Opposition
2006 5 12
17 / 500
 Coalition for the Good of All Felipe Calderón Opposition
2009 0 822,001 2.51 6 854,347 2.60
6 / 500
 Salvemos a México Felipe Calderón Opposition
2012 7 2,013,180 4.25 9 2,024,528 4.26
16 / 500
 Progressive Movement Enrique Peña Nieto Opposition
2015 10 2,412,817 6.40 15 2,431,063 6.40
25 / 500
 None Enrique Peña Nieto Opposition
2018 17 2,473,056 4.60 10 2,484,185 4.60
27 / 500
 Por México al Frente Andrés Manuel López Obrador Opposition
2021 7 3,425,006 7.26 16 3,449,804 7.27
23 / 500
 None Andrés Manuel López Obrador Opposition
2024 1 6,446,537 11.34 26 6,497,404 11.34
27 / 500
 None Claudia Sheinbaum Opposition

Senate elections

[edit]
Election year Seats[Note 1] Electoral alliance Presidency Position
Constituency Party-list Total
Seats Votes % Seats Votes %
2000 0 1
1 / 128
 Alliance for Mexico Vicente Fox Opposition
2006 3 2
5 / 128
 Coalition for the Good of All Felipe Calderón Opposition
2012 0 2,013,180 4.25 1 2,024,528 4.26
1 / 128
 Progressive Movement Enrique Peña Nieto Opposition
2018 2 2,621,317 4.87 5 2,654,085 4.89
7 / 128
 Por México al Frente Andrés Manuel López Obrador Opposition
2024 2 6,460,220 11.32 3 6,528,238 11.33
5 / 128
 None Claudia Sheinbaum Opposition

See also

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Notes

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  1. 1 2 The seat distribution does not take into account party switches during the legislative term.

References

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  1. ↑ INE (31 August 2026). "En cumplimiento de la ley, el INE verifica que los Partidos Políticos Nacionales mantengan el número mínimo de personas afiliadas". Central Electoral (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 September 2026.
  2. ↑ "Parties & Organisations - Progressive Alliance". Progressive-alliance.info. Archived from the original on 6 March 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  3. 1 2 [50][55][67][68]
  4. ↑ Arslantaş, Düzgün; Arslantaş, Şenol (15 March 2026). "Opposition parties and hybrid regime change: evidence from Mexico, Russia, Taiwan, and Turkey". Contemporary Politics. 32 (2): 261–279. doi:10.1080/13569775.2025.2516438. ISSN 1356-9775. Retrieved 19 July 2026. In the 2018 presidential elections, the PRD formed the 'Por México al Frente' alliance (For Mexico to the Front) with the PAN and the Citizens' Movement Party.
  5. ↑ "Convergencia se transforma en Movimiento Ciudadano". animalpolitico.com. 31 July 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "#ZonaLibre | El infierno de Dante Delgado". Expansión Política (in Spanish). 12 July 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2026.
  7. 1 2 3 "¿Quién es Dante Delgado, líder de Movimiento Ciudadano y fundador de Convergencia?". El Financiero (in Spanish). 11 July 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2026.
  8. ↑ "10 datos que no sabías de Dante Delgado, veracruzano y líder nacional de MC". La Silla Rota (in Spanish). 7 December 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2026.
  9. 1 2 3 4 George, Israel (5 December 2024). "De Convergencia a Movimiento Ciudadano: historia del partido naranja". Milenio (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 June 2026.
  10. ↑ "Partido Convergencia". gobierno.com.mx. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  11. ↑ "Movimiento Ciudadano - Explainer". Wilson Center. 24 October 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2026.
  12. ↑ "Nuestra Historia". Movimiento Ciudadano (in Spanish). 12 February 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2026.
  13. ↑ "2da. Asamblea Nacional Ordinaria. Puebla, Pue". Repositorio Documental, Instituto Nacional Electoral (in Spanish). 8 August 1994. Retrieved 27 June 2026.
  14. ↑ "Resultados Electorales 2003". Instituto Nacional Electoral (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 June 2026.
  15. ↑ "AMLO: así protestó hace 13 años en Reforma". Milenio (in Spanish). 30 July 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2026.
  16. ↑ Singer Sochet, Martha (2006). "Elecciones del 2 de julio de 2006. Datos y cifras" (PDF). Estudios Políticos (in Spanish) (9).
  17. ↑ Ibarra, David (2008). "Reforma energética: decidiendo el futuro de México". Economía UNAM (in Spanish). 5 (15).
  18. 1 2 3 Bolívar Meza, Rosendo (2013). "Los frentes político-electorales de izquierda en México (2006-2012)". Estudios Políticos (in Spanish). 28: 51–79. doi:10.1016/S0185-1616(13)71439-2.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Bolívar Meza, Rosendo (2022). "Movimiento Ciudadano: de antiguo aliado a opositor de AMLO, Morena y la 4T". El Cotidiano (in Spanish) (236): 77–86.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Mossige, Dag (2013). Mexico's Left: The Paradox of the PRD. Boulder, Colorado: FirstForumPress. pp. 4, 12, 17, 225–237. ISBN 978-1-935049-62-3.
  21. ↑ "Coalición "Salvemos a México": PT - Convergencia: Plataforma Electoral 2009" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 March 2024.
  22. ↑ "Militantes de la UPREZ buscarán candidaturas de PT y Convergencia". La Jornada (in Spanish). 19 March 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2026.
  23. ↑ "Quién es Patricia Mercado, la exvocera de la campaña de Jorge Álvarez Máynez". Infobae (in Spanish). 22 January 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2026.
  24. ↑ Mayen, Baruc (17 June 2022). "Quiénes han sido los gobernadores con los que el PRI perdió la hegemonía en cada estado". Infobae (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 June 2026.
  25. ↑ "Convergencia se convierte en Movimiento Ciudadano - El Universal - Nación". 27 January 2012. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  26. ↑ "Convergencia cambia a Movimiento Ciudadano; abre espacios a disidentes". La Jornada (in Spanish). 1 August 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2026.
  27. ↑ "AMLO: sin ruptura, dejo el Movimiento Ciudadano". La Jornada (in Spanish). 10 September 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  28. ↑ "Peña Nieto, PRD, PAN y PRI firman el Pacto por México". La Jornada (in Spanish). 3 December 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2026.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 Bolívar Meza, Rosendo (2026). "Movimiento Ciudadano: De su política aliancista en coaliciones electorales, a su participación en solitario en las elecciones del 2024". Albores (in Spanish). 5 (8): 47–59. doi:10.61820/alb.2954-3878.1853.
  30. 1 2 "Por qué Jalisco se convirtió en el bastión de Movimiento Ciudadano". Infobae (in Spanish). 11 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2026.
  31. ↑ "El PAN, el PRD y Movimiento Ciudadano constituirán un frente común para 2018". Expansión (in Spanish). 5 September 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  32. ↑ Arista, Lidia (25 November 2017). "El Frente Ciudadano no es contra Morena: Raúl Flores". El Economista.
  33. ↑ "Movimiento Naranja - Yuawi - Movimiento Ciudadano". YouTube. 18 December 2017. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021.
  34. ↑ "Samuel García, de candidato viral a gobernador de Nuevo León". El Financiero (in Spanish). 8 June 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2026.
  35. ↑ "La Cámara de Diputados aprueba en lo general reforma a la Ley Minera". Expansión Política (in Spanish). 18 April 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2026.
  36. ↑ "Dante Delgado anuncia el fin del bloque de contención: "lo mató el PRIAN"". Expansión Política (in Spanish). 6 December 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  37. ↑ "Samuel García is back as Nuevo León governor, ending 2024 campaign". Mexico News Daily. Retrieved 27 June 2026.
  38. ↑ "Propuestas de Movimiento Ciudadano 2024: reforma fiscal y desmilitarización en su plataforma". Expansión Política (in Spanish). 12 February 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2026.
  39. ↑ "Movimiento Ciudadano: The Underdog of Mexico's 2024 Presidential Election?". Wilson Center. Retrieved 27 June 2026.
  40. ↑ "MC crece en votos y compite con el PRI por ser la tercera fuerza política". Expansión Política (in Spanish). 4 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2026.
  41. ↑ Aguilar Esquivel, Israel (5 September 2024). "Senador de MC votará contra la reforma judicial; era el único que faltaba por posicionarse". infobae (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  42. ↑ García, Carina (24 June 2025). "Diputados avalan reforma para que Guardia Nacional tenga estructura 100% militar". Expansión Política (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  43. ↑ "Jornada laboral de 40 horas: Movimiento Ciudadano es el partido que más la ha apoyado". La Jornada Aguascalientes (in Spanish). May 2025. Retrieved 27 June 2026.
  44. ↑ Ochoa, Ximena (5 June 2024). "Movimiento Ciudadano consiguió más votos que el PRI en Campeche, la tierra de Alito Moreno". Infobae (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 June 2026.
  45. ↑ Morales, Flavia (5 June 2025). "Veracruz: éstos son los partidos que ganaron terreno, y Morena no está entre ellos". Proceso (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 June 2026.
  46. ↑ "Plataforma Electoral 2021: Movimiento Ciudadano" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 December 2024.
  47. 1 2 3 "Y a todo esto, ¿de quién es la canción Movimiento Naranja?" [And to all this, whose song is the Orange Movement?]. Nacion321.com (in Spanish). 4 January 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  48. ↑ "Movimiento Ciudadano: Declaración de Principios" (PDF). repositoriodocumnetal.ine.mx. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  49. ↑ Cornejo, Rodrigo Castro (30 July 2026). "Mexico". The Far Right in Latin America. Cambridge University Press. pp. 195–218. doi:10.1017/9781009786911.013. ISBN 978-1-009-78691-1. In 2024, the PAN, PRI, and PRD formed an anti-Lopezobradorista coalition, nominating moderate Xóchitl Gálvez, former PAN senator, while Movimiento Ciudadano – a small opposition, social-democrat party – ran congressman Jorge Álvarez Máynez.
  50. 1 2 "2015 Mexican Mid-Term Elections: A Battle Between the PRI and the PAN". COHA. 5 June 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2026. The Citizens' Movement party, a leftist party, claims a social democracy ideology, often allying with the PRD and the PT.
  51. ↑ "Claudia Sheinbaum vs The Global Right-Wing". Alternatives International. 3 June 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2026. Of those, around 98 million were eligible to choose between three candidates: Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo (continuator of the legacy of current President Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO); the representative of the conservative right-wing alliance, Xóchitl Gálvez; and the social democrat Jorge Álvarez Máynez, of the Movimiento Ciudadano party.
  52. ↑ "Mexican Strategic Landscape" (PDF). isdr.mx. August 2020. In Jalisco, support for Movimiento Ciudadano (Citizens' Movement), a political party with an affinity with social democracy, has grown and shrunk during the last decade.
  53. ↑ [46][47][48][49][50][51][52]
  54. ↑ Elizondo, Victor (6 July 2025). "A Country Robbed Of Social Democracy". Europinion. Retrieved 20 July 2026. Among all current registered parties, only Movimiento Ciudadano (MC) claims the label of "social democrat" in its foundational documents. However, the label is purely nominal. MC's discourse is ambiguous, its proposals superficial, and its strategy driven more by media impact than ideology.
  55. 1 2 "Mexico's Parliament and other political institutions" (PDF). europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 20 July 2026. Citizens' Movement (Movimiento Ciudadano, MC). National coordinator: Clemente Castañeda Hoeflich. A left-wing, socialist party registered in 1999 as Convergence for Democracy, and renamed in 2011. It is affiliated to the Progressive Alliance.
  56. ↑ Lioy, Alberto; Contreras Medrano, Diego (2024). "Platform politics in Latin America: Equalizers, normalizers, laggards, and marginals". Information Polity. 29 (3): 331–350. doi:10.3233/IP-220073. ISSN 1570-1255. Retrieved 20 July 2026. Within Latin America, some innovative smaller parties have narrowed the electoral and organizational gap through social media. Progressive Movimiento Ciudadano in Mexico and environmentalist Alianza Verde in Colombia are good examples, both with a massive Facebook presence.
  57. 1 2 Analysis, Political. "Citizen Movement (MC): Centrist social liberalism". Political Analysis · Mexico. Retrieved 19 July 2026. Citizen Movement (MC) is a Mexican centrist, social-liberal party that blends reformism, civil liberties, and anti-patronage politics.
  58. ↑ "4. Institutions and political actors". IECM. 10 January 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2026. Its political action is supported on the democratic nationalism and is fed of the struggles of the people to reach its independence and achieve the defense of its sovereignty; which expresses the most valuable features of the communitarian identity, of the multiethnic roots and of the collective convictions.
  59. ↑ Steytler, Nico (27 October 2021). Comparative Federalism and Covid-19: Combating the Pandemic. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-47136-6. dangers of Covid-19, the governor of Jalisco, Enrique Alfaro, a member of the centrist opposition party Movimiento Ciudadano (MC), announced a number of response measures (Reforma,18 March 2020: 1.)
  60. ↑ Graham, Thomas (3 June 2024). "Mexico elects Claudia Sheinbaum as its first female president in landslide victory". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 June 2024. Jorge Álvarez Máynez, the candidate of the centrist Movimiento Ciudadano, came in third with at least 9.9%.
  61. ↑ [57][59][60]
  62. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). Elections in Mexico: 2018 General Elections. International Foundation for Electoral Systems. 25 June 2018. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2019. While PAN has often been considered center-right, and PRD and MC center-left, the three have formed a big-tent coalition ...
  63. ↑ Arredondo, Armando Ojeda (20 March 2017). "Cartelera panorámica de propaganda política de elecciones federales 2015 en Ciudad Juárez, México, con fotografías analizadas desde el visual framing". RICSH Revista Iberoamericana de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas (in Spanish). 6 (11). ISSN 2395-7972. Movimiento Ciudadano (MC) (Centroizquierda); [Citizens' Movement (MC) (Center-left);]
  64. ↑ Hoyos, Irma Mendez de (11 January 2017). Ten: Policy analysis in political parties. Policy Press. pp. 171–188. ISBN 978-1-4473-2916-9. Retrieved 20 July 2026. The party at the left-center of the ideological spectrum is Movimiento Ciudadano (Citizen Movement).
  65. ↑ [47][62][63][64]
  66. ↑ "Meet the Candidates". Americas Quarterly. 20 October 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2026. PAN voters are generally middle class, well-educated, and most concerned about crime. Heading the coalition will force Anaya to court left-leaning voters from the Democratic Revolutionary Party and Citizens' Movement.
  67. ↑ Botz, Dan La (27 May 2015). "The Left Divided as Mexicans go to the Polls on June 7". New Politics. Retrieved 20 July 2026. Four rival leftist parties will be competing for votes—the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), the Workers Party (PT), the Citizens Movement (MC), and the Movement for National Regeneration Party (MORENA)—though is some cases they will ally with each other and in others with one of the two dominant parties: the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) or the National Action Party (PAN).
  68. ↑ Xydias, Christina (27 March 2023). "Left, Right, and Center: Women's Political Incorporation in the OECD". Bucknell Digital Commons: 66–84. Retrieved 20 July 2026.
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