Bioavailability - Revision history

TurmaFilosofia: /* Definitions */

2026-09-11T22:08:36Z

Definitions

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	== Definitions ==		== Definitions ==
		⚫	In both [[pharmacology]] and nutrition sciences, bioavailability is measured by calculating the [[Area under the curve (pharmacokinetics)\|area under curve]] (AUC) of the drug concentration time profile.

	=== In pharmacology ===		=== In pharmacology ===

	Bioavailability is a term used to describe the percentage of an administered dose of a xenobiotic that reaches the systemic circulation unchanged.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Shargel\|first1=L.\|last2=Yu\|first2=A. B.\|date=1999\|title=Applied Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics\|edition=4th\|location=New York\|publisher=McGraw-Hill\|isbn=978-0-8385-0278-5\|url-access=registration\|url=https://archive.org/details/appliedbiopharma0000shar_a7d4}}{{page needed\|date=February 2013}}</ref>		Bioavailability is a term used to describe the percentage of an administered dose of a xenobiotic that reaches the systemic circulation unchanged.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Shargel\|first1=L.\|last2=Yu\|first2=A. B.\|date=1999\|title=Applied Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics\|edition=4th\|location=New York\|publisher=McGraw-Hill\|isbn=978-0-8385-0278-5\|url-access=registration\|url=https://archive.org/details/appliedbiopharma0000shar_a7d4}}{{page needed\|date=February 2013}}</ref>
	It is denoted by the letter ''f'' (or, if expressed in percent, by ''F'').		It is denoted by the letter ''f'' (or, if expressed in percent, by ''F'').

	=== In nutritional science ===		=== In nutritional science ===

	In [[nutritional science]], which covers the intake of nutrients and non-drug dietary ingredients, the concept of bioavailability lacks the well-defined standards associated with the pharmaceutical industry. The pharmacological definition cannot apply to these substances because utilization and absorption is a function of the nutritional status and physiological state of the subject,<ref name=heaney/> resulting in even greater differences from individual to individual (inter-individual variation). Therefore, bioavailability for dietary supplements can be defined as the proportion of the administered substance capable of being absorbed and available for use or storage.<ref name="Srinivasan">{{cite journal \|pmid=11285352 \|year=2001 \|last1=Srinivasan \|first1=V. Srini \|title=Bioavailability of Nutrients: A Practical Approach to In Vitro Demonstration of the Availability of Nutrients in Multivitamin-Mineral Combination Products \|volume=131 \|issue=4 Suppl \|pages=1349–1350S \|journal=The Journal of Nutrition \|doi=10.1093/jn/131.4.1349S \|doi-access=free }}</ref>		In [[nutritional science]], which covers the intake of nutrients and non-drug dietary ingredients, the concept of bioavailability lacks the well-defined standards associated with the pharmaceutical industry. The pharmacological definition cannot apply to these substances because utilization and absorption is a function of the nutritional status and physiological state of the subject,<ref name=heaney/> resulting in even greater differences from individual to individual (inter-individual variation). Therefore, bioavailability for dietary supplements can be defined as the proportion of the administered substance capable of being absorbed and available for use or storage.<ref name="Srinivasan">{{cite journal \|pmid=11285352 \|year=2001 \|last1=Srinivasan \|first1=V. Srini \|title=Bioavailability of Nutrients: A Practical Approach to In Vitro Demonstration of the Availability of Nutrients in Multivitamin-Mineral Combination Products \|volume=131 \|issue=4 Suppl \|pages=1349–1350S \|journal=The Journal of Nutrition \|doi=10.1093/jn/131.4.1349S \|doi-access=free }}</ref>

⚫	In both [[pharmacology]] and nutrition sciences, bioavailability is measured by calculating the [[Area under the curve (pharmacokinetics)\|area under curve]] (AUC) of the drug concentration time profile.

	== Absolute bioavailability ==		== Absolute bioavailability ==

Badri313: /* In pharmacology */ completed the full definition, important word missing.

2026-09-02T01:43:18Z

In pharmacology: completed the full definition, important word missing.

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	=== In pharmacology ===		=== In pharmacology ===

	Bioavailability is a term used to describe the percentage of an administered dose of a xenobiotic that reaches the systemic circulation.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Shargel\|first1=L.\|last2=Yu\|first2=A. B.\|date=1999\|title=Applied Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics\|edition=4th\|location=New York\|publisher=McGraw-Hill\|isbn=978-0-8385-0278-5\|url-access=registration\|url=https://archive.org/details/appliedbiopharma0000shar_a7d4}}{{page needed\|date=February 2013}}</ref>		Bioavailability is a term used to describe the percentage of an administered dose of a xenobiotic that reaches the systemic circulation unchanged.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Shargel\|first1=L.\|last2=Yu\|first2=A. B.\|date=1999\|title=Applied Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics\|edition=4th\|location=New York\|publisher=McGraw-Hill\|isbn=978-0-8385-0278-5\|url-access=registration\|url=https://archive.org/details/appliedbiopharma0000shar_a7d4}}{{page needed\|date=February 2013}}</ref>
	It is denoted by the letter ''f'' (or, if expressed in percent, by ''F'').		It is denoted by the letter ''f'' (or, if expressed in percent, by ''F'').

Luckydvd: added pagenumber

2026-03-14T21:21:05Z

added pagenumber

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	In [[pharmacology]], '''bioavailability''' is a subcategory of [[Absorption (pharmacology)\|absorption]] and is the fraction (%) of an administered [[medication\|drug]] that reaches the [[systemic circulation]].<ref name="Hebert 2013 pp. 17–39">{{cite book \| last=Hebert \| first=Mary F. \| title=Clinical Pharmacology During Pregnancy \| chapter=Impact of Pregnancy on Maternal Pharmacokinetics of Medications \| publisher=Elsevier \| year=2013 \| isbn=978-0-12-386007-1 \| doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-386007-1.00003-9 \| pages=17–39}}</ref>		In [[pharmacology]], '''bioavailability''' is a subcategory of [[Absorption (pharmacology)\|absorption]] and is the fraction (%) of an administered [[medication\|drug]] that reaches the [[systemic circulation]].<ref name="Hebert 2013 pp. 17–39">{{cite book \| last=Hebert \| first=Mary F. \| title=Clinical Pharmacology During Pregnancy \| chapter=Impact of Pregnancy on Maternal Pharmacokinetics of Medications \| publisher=Elsevier \| year=2013 \| isbn=978-0-12-386007-1 \| doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-386007-1.00003-9 \| pages=17–39}}</ref>

	By definition, when a medication is administered [[intravenous]]ly, its bioavailability is 100%.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Griffin\|first=J. P.\|title=The Textbook of Pharmaceutical Medicine\|date=7 December 2009\|edition=6th\|location=Jersey\|publisher=BMJ Books\|isbn=978-1-4051-8035-1~~}}{{page needed\|date=February 2013~~}}</ref><ref name="Flynn 2007 pp. 1–3">{{cite book \| last=Flynn \| first=Edward \| title=xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference \| chapter=Pharmacokinetic Parameters \| publisher=Elsevier \| year=2007 \| isbn=978-0-08-055232-3 \| doi=10.1016/b978-008055232-3.60034-0 \| pages=1–3}}</ref> However, when a medication is administered via [[route of administration\|routes]] other than intravenous, its bioavailability is lower due to intestinal epithelium absorption and [[first-pass metabolism]]. Thereby, mathematically, bioavailability equals the ratio of comparing the [[Area-under-curve (pharmacokinetics)\|area under the plasma drug concentration curve versus time]] (AUC) for the extravascular formulation to the AUC for the intravascular formulation.<ref name="Davis 2018 pp. 79–137">{{cite book \| last=Davis \| first=Jennifer L. \| title=Equine Internal Medicine \| chapter=Pharmacologic Principles \| publisher=Elsevier \| year=2018 \| isbn=978-0-323-44329-6 \| doi=10.1016/b978-0-323-44329-6.00002-4 \| pages=79–137}}</ref> AUC is used because AUC is proportional to the dose that has entered the systemic circulation.<ref name="Johanson 2010 pp. 153–177">{{cite book \| last=Johanson \| first=G. \| title=Comprehensive Toxicology \| chapter=Modeling of Disposition \| publisher=Elsevier \| year=2010 \| isbn=978-0-08-046884-6 \| doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-046884-6.00108-1 \| pages=153–177}}</ref>		By definition, when a medication is administered [[intravenous]]ly, its bioavailability is 100%.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Griffin\|first=J. P.\|title=The Textbook of Pharmaceutical Medicine\|date=7 December 2009\|edition=6th\|location=Jersey\|publisher=BMJ Books\|page=114\|isbn=978-1-4051-8035-1}}</ref><ref name="Flynn 2007 pp. 1–3">{{cite book \| last=Flynn \| first=Edward \| title=xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference \| chapter=Pharmacokinetic Parameters \| publisher=Elsevier \| year=2007 \| isbn=978-0-08-055232-3 \| doi=10.1016/b978-008055232-3.60034-0 \| pages=1–3}}</ref> However, when a medication is administered via [[route of administration\|routes]] other than intravenous, its bioavailability is lower due to intestinal epithelium absorption and [[first-pass metabolism]]. Thereby, mathematically, bioavailability equals the ratio of comparing the [[Area-under-curve (pharmacokinetics)\|area under the plasma drug concentration curve versus time]] (AUC) for the extravascular formulation to the AUC for the intravascular formulation.<ref name="Davis 2018 pp. 79–137">{{cite book \| last=Davis \| first=Jennifer L. \| title=Equine Internal Medicine \| chapter=Pharmacologic Principles \| publisher=Elsevier \| year=2018 \| isbn=978-0-323-44329-6 \| doi=10.1016/b978-0-323-44329-6.00002-4 \| pages=79–137}}</ref> AUC is used because AUC is proportional to the dose that has entered the systemic circulation.<ref name="Johanson 2010 pp. 153–177">{{cite book \| last=Johanson \| first=G. \| title=Comprehensive Toxicology \| chapter=Modeling of Disposition \| publisher=Elsevier \| year=2010 \| isbn=978-0-08-046884-6 \| doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-046884-6.00108-1 \| pages=153–177}}</ref>

	Bioavailability of a drug is an [[mean\|average value]]; to take [[Statistical population\|population variability]] into account, [[standard deviation\|deviation range]] is shown as [[±]].<ref name="Davis 2018 pp. 79–137"/> To ensure that the drug taker who has poor absorption is dosed appropriately, the bottom value of the deviation range is employed to represent real bioavailability and to calculate the drug dose needed for the drug taker to achieve systemic concentrations similar to the intravenous formulation.<ref name="Davis 2018 pp. 79–137"/> To dose without knowing the drug taker's absorption rate, the bottom value of the deviation range is used in order to ensure the intended efficacy, unless the drug is associated with a narrow [[therapeutic window]].<ref name="Davis 2018 pp. 79–137"/>		Bioavailability of a drug is an [[mean\|average value]]; to take [[Statistical population\|population variability]] into account, [[standard deviation\|deviation range]] is shown as [[±]].<ref name="Davis 2018 pp. 79–137"/> To ensure that the drug taker who has poor absorption is dosed appropriately, the bottom value of the deviation range is employed to represent real bioavailability and to calculate the drug dose needed for the drug taker to achieve systemic concentrations similar to the intravenous formulation.<ref name="Davis 2018 pp. 79–137"/> To dose without knowing the drug taker's absorption rate, the bottom value of the deviation range is used in order to ensure the intended efficacy, unless the drug is associated with a narrow [[therapeutic window]].<ref name="Davis 2018 pp. 79–137"/>

Zefr: ref fixes; WP:REFNAME

2025-12-08T20:49:47Z

ref fixes; WP:REFNAME

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	Bioavailability of a drug is an [[mean\|average value]]; to take [[Statistical population\|population variability]] into account, [[standard deviation\|deviation range]] is shown as [[±]].<ref name="Davis 2018 pp. 79–137"/> To ensure that the drug taker who has poor absorption is dosed appropriately, the bottom value of the deviation range is employed to represent real bioavailability and to calculate the drug dose needed for the drug taker to achieve systemic concentrations similar to the intravenous formulation.<ref name="Davis 2018 pp. 79–137"/> To dose without knowing the drug taker's absorption rate, the bottom value of the deviation range is used in order to ensure the intended efficacy, unless the drug is associated with a narrow [[therapeutic window]].<ref name="Davis 2018 pp. 79–137"/>		Bioavailability of a drug is an [[mean\|average value]]; to take [[Statistical population\|population variability]] into account, [[standard deviation\|deviation range]] is shown as [[±]].<ref name="Davis 2018 pp. 79–137"/> To ensure that the drug taker who has poor absorption is dosed appropriately, the bottom value of the deviation range is employed to represent real bioavailability and to calculate the drug dose needed for the drug taker to achieve systemic concentrations similar to the intravenous formulation.<ref name="Davis 2018 pp. 79–137"/> To dose without knowing the drug taker's absorption rate, the bottom value of the deviation range is used in order to ensure the intended efficacy, unless the drug is associated with a narrow [[therapeutic window]].<ref name="Davis 2018 pp. 79–137"/>

	For [[dietary supplements]], herbs and other nutrients in which the route of administration is nearly always oral, bioavailability generally designates simply the quantity or fraction of the ingested dose that is absorbed.<ref>{{cite journal \|first1=Robert P. \|last1=Heaney \|title=Factors Influencing the Measurement of Bioavailability, Taking Calcium as a Model \|journal=The Journal of Nutrition \|pmid=11285351 \|year=2001 \|volume=131 \|issue=4 \|pages=1344S–8S\|doi=10.1093/jn/131.4.1344S \|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="SANDSTEAD AU 2007 pp. 925–947">{{cite book \| last1=~~SANDSTEAD~~ \| first1=~~HAROLD H.~~ \| last2=AU \| first2=~~WILLIAM~~ \| title=Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals \| chapter=Zinc**Dr. Carl-Gustaf Elinder was the author of this chapter in the 2nd edition of the Handbook on Toxicology of Metals; his text provided guidance. \| publisher=Elsevier \| year=2007 \| isbn=978-0-12-369413-3 \| doi=10.1016/b978-012369413-3/50102-6 \| pages=925–947 \| quote=Bioavailability is the major factor affecting dietary requirements (Sandstrom, 1997). Flesh foods facilitate bioavailability, although indigestible Zn-binding ligands decrease bioavailability (Mills, 1985). }}</ref><ref name="Solomons 2003 pp. 6272–6277">{{cite book \| last=Solomons \| first=N.W. \| title=Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition \| chapter=ZINC \| Physiology \| publisher=Elsevier \| year=2003 \| isbn=978-0-12-227055-0 \| doi=10.1016/b0-12-227055-x/01309-2 \| pages=6272–6277 \| quote=Bioavailability strictly refers to both the uptake and metabolic utilization of a nutrient.}}</ref>		For [[dietary supplements]], herbs and other nutrients in which the route of administration is nearly always oral, bioavailability generally designates simply the quantity or fraction of the ingested dose that is absorbed.<ref name="heaney">{{cite journal \|first1=Robert P. \|last1=Heaney \|title=Factors Influencing the Measurement of Bioavailability, Taking Calcium as a Model \|journal=The Journal of Nutrition \|pmid=11285351 \|year=2001 \|volume=131 \|issue=4 \|pages=1344S–8S\|doi=10.1093/jn/131.4.1344S \|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="SANDSTEAD AU 2007 pp. 925–947">{{cite book \| last1=Sanstead\| first1=HH \| last2=Au \| first2=W\| title=Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals \| chapter=Zinc \| publisher=Elsevier \| year=2007 \| isbn=978-0-12-369413-3 \| doi=10.1016/b978-012369413-3/50102-6 \| pages=925–947 \| quote=Bioavailability is the major factor affecting dietary requirements (Sandstrom, 1997). Flesh foods facilitate bioavailability, although indigestible Zn-binding ligands decrease bioavailability (Mills, 1985). }}</ref><ref name="Solomons 2003 pp. 6272–6277">{{cite book \| last=Solomons \| first=N.W. \| title=Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition \| chapter=ZINC \| Physiology \| publisher=Elsevier \| year=2003 \| isbn=978-0-12-227055-0 \| doi=10.1016/b0-12-227055-x/01309-2 \| pages=6272–6277 \| quote=Bioavailability strictly refers to both the uptake and metabolic utilization of a nutrient.}}</ref>

	== Definitions ==		== Definitions ==
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	=== In nutritional science ===		=== In nutritional science ===

	In [[nutritional science]], which covers the intake of nutrients and non-drug dietary ingredients, the concept of bioavailability lacks the well-defined standards associated with the pharmaceutical industry. The pharmacological definition cannot apply to these substances because utilization and absorption is a function of the nutritional status and physiological state of the subject,<ref~~>{{cite~~ ~~journal \|pmid~~=11285351 \|year=2001 \|last1=Heaney \|first1=Robert P. \|title=Factors Influencing the Measurement of Bioavailability, Taking Calcium as a Model \|volume=131 \|issue=4 Suppl \|pages=1344–1348S \|journal=The Journal of Nutrition \|doi=10.1093/jn/131.4.1344S \|doi-access=free }}</~~ref~~> resulting in even greater differences from individual to individual (inter-individual variation). Therefore, bioavailability for dietary supplements can be defined as the proportion of the administered substance capable of being absorbed and available for use or storage.<ref name="Srinivasan">{{cite journal \|pmid=11285352 \|year=2001 \|last1=Srinivasan \|first1=V. Srini \|title=Bioavailability of Nutrients: A Practical Approach to In Vitro Demonstration of the Availability of Nutrients in Multivitamin-Mineral Combination Products \|volume=131 \|issue=4 Suppl \|pages=1349–1350S \|journal=The Journal of Nutrition \|doi=10.1093/jn/131.4.1349S \|doi-access=free }}</ref>		In [[nutritional science]], which covers the intake of nutrients and non-drug dietary ingredients, the concept of bioavailability lacks the well-defined standards associated with the pharmaceutical industry. The pharmacological definition cannot apply to these substances because utilization and absorption is a function of the nutritional status and physiological state of the subject,<ref name=heaney/> resulting in even greater differences from individual to individual (inter-individual variation). Therefore, bioavailability for dietary supplements can be defined as the proportion of the administered substance capable of being absorbed and available for use or storage.<ref name="Srinivasan">{{cite journal \|pmid=11285352 \|year=2001 \|last1=Srinivasan \|first1=V. Srini \|title=Bioavailability of Nutrients: A Practical Approach to In Vitro Demonstration of the Availability of Nutrients in Multivitamin-Mineral Combination Products \|volume=131 \|issue=4 Suppl \|pages=1349–1350S \|journal=The Journal of Nutrition \|doi=10.1093/jn/131.4.1349S \|doi-access=free }}</ref>

	In both [[pharmacology]] and nutrition sciences, bioavailability is measured by calculating the [[Area under the curve (pharmacokinetics)\|area under curve]] (AUC) of the drug concentration time profile.		In both [[pharmacology]] and nutrition sciences, bioavailability is measured by calculating the [[Area under the curve (pharmacokinetics)\|area under curve]] (AUC) of the drug concentration time profile.

162 etc. at 20:42, 8 December 2025

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	{{Short description\|Pharmacological measurement}}		{{Short description\|Pharmacological measurement}}
			{{about\|the concept in medicine\|the concept relating to soil\|Bioavailability (soil)}}

	In [[pharmacology]], '''bioavailability''' is a subcategory of [[Absorption (pharmacology)\|absorption]] and is the fraction (%) of an administered [[medication\|drug]] that reaches the [[systemic circulation]].<ref name="Hebert 2013 pp. 17–39">{{cite book \| last=Hebert \| first=Mary F. \| title=Clinical Pharmacology During Pregnancy \| chapter=Impact of Pregnancy on Maternal Pharmacokinetics of Medications \| publisher=Elsevier \| year=2013 \| isbn=978-0-12-386007-1 \| doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-386007-1.00003-9 \| pages=17–39}}</ref>		In [[pharmacology]], '''bioavailability''' is a subcategory of [[Absorption (pharmacology)\|absorption]] and is the fraction (%) of an administered [[medication\|drug]] that reaches the [[systemic circulation]].<ref name="Hebert 2013 pp. 17–39">{{cite book \| last=Hebert \| first=Mary F. \| title=Clinical Pharmacology During Pregnancy \| chapter=Impact of Pregnancy on Maternal Pharmacokinetics of Medications \| publisher=Elsevier \| year=2013 \| isbn=978-0-12-386007-1 \| doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-386007-1.00003-9 \| pages=17–39}}</ref>

162 etc.: 162 etc. moved page Bioavailability (medicine) to Bioavailability: per WP:RMT

2025-12-08T20:40:25Z

162 etc. moved page Bioavailability (medicine) to Bioavailability: per WP:RMT

← Previous revision	Revision as of 20:40, 8 December 2025
(No difference)

DMacks: MOS: Would not be specifically at (medicine) if one wanted a different meaning. Undid revision 1326323726 by Zaheen (talk)

2025-12-08T20:26:29Z

MOS: Would not be specifically at (medicine) if one wanted a different meaning. Undid revision 1326323726 by Zaheen (talk)

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:26, 8 December 2025
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	{{Short description\|Pharmacological measurement}}		{{Short description\|Pharmacological measurement}}

	{{Other uses\|Bioavailability}}
	In [[pharmacology]], '''bioavailability''' is a subcategory of [[Absorption (pharmacology)\|absorption]] and is the fraction (%) of an administered [[medication\|drug]] that reaches the [[systemic circulation]].<ref name="Hebert 2013 pp. 17–39">{{cite book \| last=Hebert \| first=Mary F. \| title=Clinical Pharmacology During Pregnancy \| chapter=Impact of Pregnancy on Maternal Pharmacokinetics of Medications \| publisher=Elsevier \| year=2013 \| isbn=978-0-12-386007-1 \| doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-386007-1.00003-9 \| pages=17–39}}</ref>		In [[pharmacology]], '''bioavailability''' is a subcategory of [[Absorption (pharmacology)\|absorption]] and is the fraction (%) of an administered [[medication\|drug]] that reaches the [[systemic circulation]].<ref name="Hebert 2013 pp. 17–39">{{cite book \| last=Hebert \| first=Mary F. \| title=Clinical Pharmacology During Pregnancy \| chapter=Impact of Pregnancy on Maternal Pharmacokinetics of Medications \| publisher=Elsevier \| year=2013 \| isbn=978-0-12-386007-1 \| doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-386007-1.00003-9 \| pages=17–39}}</ref>

Natg 19: /* See also */ add to see also

2025-12-08T20:25:34Z

Natg 19: /* In environmental sciences or science */ remove section; bioavailability (soil) already exists

2025-12-08T20:25:14Z

In environmental sciences or science: remove section; bioavailability (soil) already exists

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:25, 8 December 2025
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	In both [[pharmacology]] and nutrition sciences, bioavailability is measured by calculating the [[Area under the curve (pharmacokinetics)\|area under curve]] (AUC) of the drug concentration time profile.		In both [[pharmacology]] and nutrition sciences, bioavailability is measured by calculating the [[Area under the curve (pharmacokinetics)\|area under curve]] (AUC) of the drug concentration time profile.

	===In environmental sciences or science===

	Bioavailability is the measure by which various substances in the environment may enter into living organisms. It is commonly a limiting factor in the production of crops (due to solubility limitation or absorption of plant nutrients to soil colloids) and in the removal of toxic substances from the food chain by microorganisms (due to sorption to or partitioning of otherwise degradable substances into inaccessible phases in the environment). A noteworthy example for agriculture is plant phosphorus deficiency induced by precipitation with iron and aluminum phosphates at low [[soil pH]] and precipitation with calcium phosphates at high soil pH.<ref>{{cite journal \|doi=10.1023/A:1013351617532 \|year=2001 \|last1=Hinsinger \|first1=Philippe \|title=Bioavailability of soil inorganic P in the rhizosphere as affected by root-induced chemical changes: a review \|journal=Plant and Soil \|volume=237 \|issue=2 \|pages=173–195\|s2cid=8562338 }}</ref> Toxic materials in soil, such as lead from paint may be rendered unavailable to animals ingesting contaminated soil by supplying phosphorus fertilizers in excess.<ref>{{cite journal \|doi=10.1021/es00046a007 \|title=In situ lead immobilization by apatite \|year=1993 \|last1=Ma \|first1=Qi-Ying \|last2=Traina \|first2=Samuel J. \|last3=Logan \|first3=Terry J. \|last4=Ryan \|first4=James A. \|journal=Environmental Science & Technology \|volume=27 \|issue=9 \|pages=1803–1810\|bibcode=1993EnST...27.1803M }}</ref> Organic pollutants such as solvents or pesticides<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Sims\|first1=G.K. \|first2=M. \|last2=Radosevich \|first3=X.-T. \|last3=He \|first4=S. J. \|last4=Traina\|contribution=The effects of sorption on the bioavailability of pesticides\|editor-first=W. B. \|editor-last=Betts \|title=Biodegradation of Natural and Synthetic Materials \|publisher=Springer \|location=London\|year=1991\|pages=119–137}}</ref> may be rendered unavailable to microorganisms and thus persist in the environment when they are adsorbed to soil minerals<ref>{{cite journal \|doi=10.1002/etc.5620190904 \|title=Effects of sorption on the biodegradation of 2-methylpyridine in aqueous suspensions of reference clay minerals \|year=2000 \|last1=O'Loughlin \|first1=Edward J. \|last2=Traina \|first2=Samuel J. \|last3=Sims \|first3=Gerald K. \|journal=Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry \|volume=19 \|issue=9 \|pages=2168–2174\|s2cid=98654832 }}</ref> or partition into hydrophobic organic matter.<ref>{{cite journal \|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199905)55:5<598::AID-PS962>3.0.CO;2-N \|title=Factors controlling degradation of pesticides in soil \|year=1999 \|last1=Sims \|first1=Gerald K. \|last2=Cupples \|first2=Alison M. \|journal=Pesticide Science \|volume=55 \|issue=5 \|pages=598–601}}</ref>

	== Absolute bioavailability ==		== Absolute bioavailability ==

Zaheen: /* top */ {{Other uses|Bioavailability}}

2025-12-08T09:43:47Z

top: {{Other uses|Bioavailability}}

← Previous revision		Revision as of 09:43, 8 December 2025
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	{{Short description\|Pharmacological measurement}}		{{Short description\|Pharmacological measurement}}
			{{Other uses\|Bioavailability}}

	In [[pharmacology]], '''bioavailability''' is a subcategory of [[Absorption (pharmacology)\|absorption]] and is the fraction (%) of an administered [[medication\|drug]] that reaches the [[systemic circulation]].<ref name="Hebert 2013 pp. 17–39">{{cite book \| last=Hebert \| first=Mary F. \| title=Clinical Pharmacology During Pregnancy \| chapter=Impact of Pregnancy on Maternal Pharmacokinetics of Medications \| publisher=Elsevier \| year=2013 \| isbn=978-0-12-386007-1 \| doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-386007-1.00003-9 \| pages=17–39}}</ref>		In [[pharmacology]], '''bioavailability''' is a subcategory of [[Absorption (pharmacology)\|absorption]] and is the fraction (%) of an administered [[medication\|drug]] that reaches the [[systemic circulation]].<ref name="Hebert 2013 pp. 17–39">{{cite book \| last=Hebert \| first=Mary F. \| title=Clinical Pharmacology During Pregnancy \| chapter=Impact of Pregnancy on Maternal Pharmacokinetics of Medications \| publisher=Elsevier \| year=2013 \| isbn=978-0-12-386007-1 \| doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-386007-1.00003-9 \| pages=17–39}}</ref>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:21, 14 March 2026
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	In [[pharmacology]], '''bioavailability''' is a subcategory of [[Absorption (pharmacology)\|absorption]] and is the fraction (%) of an administered [[medication\|drug]] that reaches the [[systemic circulation]].<ref name="Hebert 2013 pp. 17–39">{{cite book \| last=Hebert \| first=Mary F. \| title=Clinical Pharmacology During Pregnancy \| chapter=Impact of Pregnancy on Maternal Pharmacokinetics of Medications \| publisher=Elsevier \| year=2013 \| isbn=978-0-12-386007-1 \| doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-386007-1.00003-9 \| pages=17–39}}</ref>		In [[pharmacology]], '''bioavailability''' is a subcategory of [[Absorption (pharmacology)\|absorption]] and is the fraction (%) of an administered [[medication\|drug]] that reaches the [[systemic circulation]].<ref name="Hebert 2013 pp. 17–39">{{cite book \| last=Hebert \| first=Mary F. \| title=Clinical Pharmacology During Pregnancy \| chapter=Impact of Pregnancy on Maternal Pharmacokinetics of Medications \| publisher=Elsevier \| year=2013 \| isbn=978-0-12-386007-1 \| doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-386007-1.00003-9 \| pages=17–39}}</ref>

	By definition, when a medication is administered [[intravenous]]ly, its bioavailability is 100%.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Griffin\|first=J. P.\|title=The Textbook of Pharmaceutical Medicine\|date=7 December 2009\|edition=6th\|location=Jersey\|publisher=BMJ Books\|isbn=978-1-4051-8035-1~~}}{{page needed\|date=February 2013~~}}</ref><ref name="Flynn 2007 pp. 1–3">{{cite book \| last=Flynn \| first=Edward \| title=xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference \| chapter=Pharmacokinetic Parameters \| publisher=Elsevier \| year=2007 \| isbn=978-0-08-055232-3 \| doi=10.1016/b978-008055232-3.60034-0 \| pages=1–3}}</ref> However, when a medication is administered via [[route of administration\|routes]] other than intravenous, its bioavailability is lower due to intestinal epithelium absorption and [[first-pass metabolism]]. Thereby, mathematically, bioavailability equals the ratio of comparing the [[Area-under-curve (pharmacokinetics)\|area under the plasma drug concentration curve versus time]] (AUC) for the extravascular formulation to the AUC for the intravascular formulation.<ref name="Davis 2018 pp. 79–137">{{cite book \| last=Davis \| first=Jennifer L. \| title=Equine Internal Medicine \| chapter=Pharmacologic Principles \| publisher=Elsevier \| year=2018 \| isbn=978-0-323-44329-6 \| doi=10.1016/b978-0-323-44329-6.00002-4 \| pages=79–137}}</ref> AUC is used because AUC is proportional to the dose that has entered the systemic circulation.<ref name="Johanson 2010 pp. 153–177">{{cite book \| last=Johanson \| first=G. \| title=Comprehensive Toxicology \| chapter=Modeling of Disposition \| publisher=Elsevier \| year=2010 \| isbn=978-0-08-046884-6 \| doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-046884-6.00108-1 \| pages=153–177}}</ref>		By definition, when a medication is administered [[intravenous]]ly, its bioavailability is 100%.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Griffin\|first=J. P.\|title=The Textbook of Pharmaceutical Medicine\|date=7 December 2009\|edition=6th\|location=Jersey\|publisher=BMJ Books\|page=114\|isbn=978-1-4051-8035-1}}</ref><ref name="Flynn 2007 pp. 1–3">{{cite book \| last=Flynn \| first=Edward \| title=xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference \| chapter=Pharmacokinetic Parameters \| publisher=Elsevier \| year=2007 \| isbn=978-0-08-055232-3 \| doi=10.1016/b978-008055232-3.60034-0 \| pages=1–3}}</ref> However, when a medication is administered via [[route of administration\|routes]] other than intravenous, its bioavailability is lower due to intestinal epithelium absorption and [[first-pass metabolism]]. Thereby, mathematically, bioavailability equals the ratio of comparing the [[Area-under-curve (pharmacokinetics)\|area under the plasma drug concentration curve versus time]] (AUC) for the extravascular formulation to the AUC for the intravascular formulation.<ref name="Davis 2018 pp. 79–137">{{cite book \| last=Davis \| first=Jennifer L. \| title=Equine Internal Medicine \| chapter=Pharmacologic Principles \| publisher=Elsevier \| year=2018 \| isbn=978-0-323-44329-6 \| doi=10.1016/b978-0-323-44329-6.00002-4 \| pages=79–137}}</ref> AUC is used because AUC is proportional to the dose that has entered the systemic circulation.<ref name="Johanson 2010 pp. 153–177">{{cite book \| last=Johanson \| first=G. \| title=Comprehensive Toxicology \| chapter=Modeling of Disposition \| publisher=Elsevier \| year=2010 \| isbn=978-0-08-046884-6 \| doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-046884-6.00108-1 \| pages=153–177}}</ref>

	Bioavailability of a drug is an [[mean\|average value]]; to take [[Statistical population\|population variability]] into account, [[standard deviation\|deviation range]] is shown as [[±]].<ref name="Davis 2018 pp. 79–137"/> To ensure that the drug taker who has poor absorption is dosed appropriately, the bottom value of the deviation range is employed to represent real bioavailability and to calculate the drug dose needed for the drug taker to achieve systemic concentrations similar to the intravenous formulation.<ref name="Davis 2018 pp. 79–137"/> To dose without knowing the drug taker's absorption rate, the bottom value of the deviation range is used in order to ensure the intended efficacy, unless the drug is associated with a narrow [[therapeutic window]].<ref name="Davis 2018 pp. 79–137"/>		Bioavailability of a drug is an [[mean\|average value]]; to take [[Statistical population\|population variability]] into account, [[standard deviation\|deviation range]] is shown as [[±]].<ref name="Davis 2018 pp. 79–137"/> To ensure that the drug taker who has poor absorption is dosed appropriately, the bottom value of the deviation range is employed to represent real bioavailability and to calculate the drug dose needed for the drug taker to achieve systemic concentrations similar to the intravenous formulation.<ref name="Davis 2018 pp. 79–137"/> To dose without knowing the drug taker's absorption rate, the bottom value of the deviation range is used in order to ensure the intended efficacy, unless the drug is associated with a narrow [[therapeutic window]].<ref name="Davis 2018 pp. 79–137"/>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:42, 8 December 2025
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	{{Short description\|Pharmacological measurement}}		{{Short description\|Pharmacological measurement}}
			{{about\|the concept in medicine\|the concept relating to soil\|Bioavailability (soil)}}

	In [[pharmacology]], '''bioavailability''' is a subcategory of [[Absorption (pharmacology)\|absorption]] and is the fraction (%) of an administered [[medication\|drug]] that reaches the [[systemic circulation]].<ref name="Hebert 2013 pp. 17–39">{{cite book \| last=Hebert \| first=Mary F. \| title=Clinical Pharmacology During Pregnancy \| chapter=Impact of Pregnancy on Maternal Pharmacokinetics of Medications \| publisher=Elsevier \| year=2013 \| isbn=978-0-12-386007-1 \| doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-386007-1.00003-9 \| pages=17–39}}</ref>		In [[pharmacology]], '''bioavailability''' is a subcategory of [[Absorption (pharmacology)\|absorption]] and is the fraction (%) of an administered [[medication\|drug]] that reaches the [[systemic circulation]].<ref name="Hebert 2013 pp. 17–39">{{cite book \| last=Hebert \| first=Mary F. \| title=Clinical Pharmacology During Pregnancy \| chapter=Impact of Pregnancy on Maternal Pharmacokinetics of Medications \| publisher=Elsevier \| year=2013 \| isbn=978-0-12-386007-1 \| doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-386007-1.00003-9 \| pages=17–39}}</ref>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:25, 8 December 2025
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	* [[ADME-Tox]]		* [[ADME-Tox]]
	* [[Biopharmaceutics Classification System]]		* [[Biopharmaceutics Classification System]]
			* [[Bioavailability (soil)]]
	* [[Caco-2]]		* [[Caco-2]]
	* [[Lipinski's Rule of 5]]		* [[Lipinski's Rule of 5]]