Nuances in Chinese Political CultureAn examination of some themes in Chinese culture that may explain the political behavior of the Chinese -- their emphasis on overcoming by strategic deception, their preference for big enemies, their exploitation of opportunism. Stated objectives are not commitments but maneuvers. Leaders give signals subtly by unrealistic statements about the past. Success comes from knowing the right moment to ride the wave of history and from being prepared through long, single-minded concentration on sources of inspiration (whether Taoist, Confucian, or Maoist). Change is perceived as sudden, not cumulative. Changed sentiments are either compelled by circumstances or result from an unmasking of the true self. Stress on environment and education conflict with suspicion that evil persons may only pretend virtue. Emotional display is derided, but old grudges are respected. Enmity is assumed permanent. Authority is not responsible for subordinates' behavior and is acceptable so long as it protects, benefits, and avoids humiliating. |
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activities alternatives analysis antenna budget carrier-to-interference ratio carriers centers central agency Ch'en Tsai-tao Chinese Communist Chou consider cost factor Cultural Revolution developing countries distribution donor earth station earth-station economic effectiveness EIRP estimate evaluate example fire service flow forces freight and passenger freight movement freight transport future growth Hsieh and Wang important incentives increase investigation July July 20 Mainichi Shimbun Maintenance Stage major Maoist measure ment metropolitan microwave relay migration Million Warriors mobile noise operation orbit organization patterns Peking performance political Political Commissar population potential pressure gradient problems program length protection ratios Radio Rand Corporation recipient Red Guard Revolutionary Rebel satellite spacing September 29 Shimbun social spectrum strategy structure technological advance sought technology transfer technology transfer project thermal noise tion unwanted signal urban area urban freight Wuhan Incident Wuhan Military yield stress Yomiuri Shimbun