Hydropower Engineering Handbook

analysis annual capacity cavitation Cloud Dam coefficient cofferdam construction core cost diameter discharge downstream draft tube economic effects efficiency Electric embankment dam energy Engineering environmental equipment erosion estimate factor feasibility FERC FIGURE fish flow flow-duration curve foundation Francis turbine ft³/s function given gravel grout habitat head loss hydraulic Hydro Hydroelectric hydroplant hydropower hydropower development hydropower plant impacts increase installed intake Kaplan turbine Laboratory licensing load m³/s maintenance material maximum method mitigation net present value normal OM&R operation optimal parameters Pelton wheel penstock percent pipe potential powerhouse pressure pump ratio relatively reservoir result riprap River rock Rockfill Dams runner shown in Fig slope soil specific speed spillway storage stream structure surface Table tailrace tailwater tests thermal tion U.S. Army U.S. dollars units upstream valve variable velocity water hammer wicket gates